Aggregation and Law

68 Pages Posted: 20 Dec 2011 Last revised: 13 Oct 2012

See all articles by Ariel Porat

Ariel Porat

Tel Aviv University; University of Chicago - Law School

Eric A. Posner

University of Chicago - Law School

Date Written: January 1, 2011

Abstract

If a plaintiff brings two claims, each with a 0.4 probability of being valid, the plaintiff will usually lose, even if the claims are based on independent events, and thus the probability of at least one of the claims being valid is 0.64. If a plaintiff brings two independent claims, and each of them is too weak to justify a remedy, the plaintiff will usually lose, even if the claims are jointly powerful enough to justify a remedy. Thus, as a general rule courts refuse to engage in what we call factual aggregation (the first case) and normative aggregation (the second case). (We also identify other forms of aggregation.) Yet we show numerous exceptions to this rule in private and public law. Notably, in public law the hybrid rights doctrine permits courts to aggregate two weak constitutional claims as long as one involves free exercise of religion. In private law, certain tort and contract doctrines also permit aggregation. We criticize the courts’ inconsistent approaches to aggregation, and propose conditions under which courts should (and should not) aggregate.

Suggested Citation

Porat, Ariel and Posner, Eric A., Aggregation and Law (January 1, 2011). Yale Law Journal, Vol. 122, 2012, U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 375, University of Chicago Institute for Law & Economics Olin Research Paper No. 587, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1974565 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1974565

Ariel Porat

Tel Aviv University ( email )

Ramat Aviv
Tel Aviv, 69978
Israel
972-3-6408283 (Phone)
972-3-6407260 (Fax)

HOME PAGE: http://english.tau.ac.il/profile/porata

University of Chicago - Law School ( email )

1111 E. 60th St.
Chicago, IL 60637
United States

HOME PAGE: http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/porat

Eric A. Posner (Contact Author)

University of Chicago - Law School ( email )

1111 E. 60th St.
Chicago, IL 60637
United States
773-702-0425 (Phone)
773-702-0730 (Fax)

HOME PAGE: http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/posner-e/

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