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Abstract:
Culture is the totality of our life style & personality. At a glance is can be said that, culture is that what we are i.e. our way of dressings, specking, eating, thinking, learning, attitude, believes, values, norms etc all included in our culture. International marketing is the marketing activities of a company outside their country of origin.

Culture has a great impact on international marketing. A marketer must have to study about the local culture in-depth before offering a product to them. Because of every marketing promotion has done to promote the product i.e. communicating product feature to the customers and influence customers to buy it.

To have an effective communication one must send the message according to the receiver's culture, customs and learning process. There are some major barriers by which effective communication can be hampered. Self Reference Criterion (SRC) and Ethnocentrism can make the effort worthless.

Here we can draw an example how SRC can make all effort worthless. As we know that Disney land is a name of success in the amusement park business around the globe. But when they have started their journey in France they faced a tremendous problem and fall in billion Dollar loss.

In USA, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Japan they earned a great amount of profit. But why they failed in France? Disney management started a study and fined out that self Reference Criteria of American managers make the French people hart. As a result they do not used to be here in Parish Disney Park.

Not only in France out of every ten US managers eight have to replace from Saudi Arabia within three month of their joining. It is because they fail to cope with the Saudi culture and customs.

It is human nature that, everything want to judge according to self learning process and Cultural measurement. But a single thing can have different meaning in different culture. For example showing thumb carries the signal of all right to the western but it carries a serious negative meaning to the Bengali rural people.

For this reason a marketer in international market must have to convert his all thinking into the culture of the local people. Sometime marketer fails to make this conversion successfully as a result they fail to have local people attention and make huge loss.

MD. JOYNAL ABDIN

Abstract:
In this paper I try to discuss on the factors effecting International Business. Business Environment also being define in details here. Finally I discuss International Business Environment of Bangladesh broadly. In this paper I openly discuss: 1. What Factors an Investor have to consider first to invest in Bangladesh. 2. There are some guidance also available to have smooth business in Bangladeshi market for an International Firm/Investor.

Influential factors of International Business and International Business Environment in Bangladesh

Abstract:
ABC Fashions Private Limited is going to start its country-wide operations to meet a basic need of human being. Its product line is starting operation with three fashion item. These are embroidered Three-piece for young women, embroidered Panjabee for male and embroidered Short Shirt (Locally known as Fatua) for both (Boys & Girls) teenagers. This is a competitive but potential market in our country. ABC would like to purchase different categories of cloths, Raw-Panjabee & Short Shirt from its suppliers and after cutting & designing it will embroidered all to resell around the country through its own outlets / Showrooms and appointed dealers at least in all the district headquarters primarily. ABC has sufficient expertise workforce to provide the highest value in every stages of its operation. Its human resources are a combination of experience and creative fashion designers, skilled embroidery operators, clothing expert and skilled management.

Primarily BAC would like to market its product through its own showrooms (Three showrooms at three pioneer points of the Dhaka city. One is in the Dhanmondi, second one is in the Gulshan and the third one is in the Uttara areas.) It will appoint its dealers around the country at least in all district headquarters from the existing ready made garment showrooms. Another major marketing & sales strategy of ABC will be at the festival points around the country like The Dhaka International Trade Fair, Boishakhi Mela, and other fares arranged by Export Promotion Burrow in home and abroad.

Abstract:
This paper can help us to understand the Bangladeshi Consumer's Behavior through studying the Consumer's Behavior of th largest shopping-mall of the country. It will help us to know about the biases of Consumer's preferences to a product or service.

Consumer's Behavior

Abstract:
Empowerment: Empowerment means giving power & authority. So by women empowerment we mean giving power & authority to the women.

The process of empowerment requires transformation of structures of sub ordinance, control over material and intellectual resources, gaining decisions, making authority and reduction of gender inequality. This requires that women must recognize their strategic needs, their social position and understand how coercive it is. The women's strategic needs are here defined as to increase the women's bargaining capacity, reduce violence against women and make them gain more influence over decision-making. Encountered: Multi-dimensional difficulties and constraints have been encountered in the work for women's empowerment. Most of the violence towards women in Bangladesh takes place within the households. The reported cases of violence are increasing. There are two reasons for this. First of all the increased awareness of violence against women has facilitated uncovering occurrence of violence. Secondly, rural women are at a crossroad now and have been faced with the ideology of patriarchy, which help reinforce the power hierarchies within the family. The increasing trend of violence against women should therefore be explained as the outcome of a contradiction against the ideology of patriarchy, manifested in social restrictions against women's mobility, the system of early marriage for girls, restriction on negotiation rights etc.

A classic case of patriarchy is the assumption that the male must exercise control over women by limiting her mobility to the home. Such control of female sexuality is further elevated by creating an image of the mother as divine and women who do not live up to the ideal, as fallen women.

In Bangladesh the family is the breading grounds for some of the most persistent discrimination against women, such as sexual subordination of women, restriction of the mobility of women and different access to resources within the family. The NGOs are still facing difficulties when trying to convince the women that gender inequalities are not natural but a social construction.

Abstract:
Management is a too much dynamic and diversified subject of modern administrative era. Management always follows a standard process and procedure. But modern world is continuously changing. New opportunities and problems are arising day by day. Any traditional management policy cannot cope with the new situations and cannot solve the new problems.

To cope with the new situations and to solve new problems management also change its policy & this is known as strategic management. Strategic management follows a particular standard procedure but it also change its policy based on new environment.

Bangladesh is a developing country of global free market economic era. As a developing country it has many management problems and also arising many with the pass of time. So to manage a newly established company is more challenging here.

No organizations can run properly without adequate management. Proper management is the only process to achieve organizational goal. Especially for a newly establish company strategic management is a vital factor of survival of the company.

strategic management

Abstract:
Here I describe what marketing management is? I took the help of the marketing management book and class lectures in this regard.

To complete the middle part of my term paper I have conducted a survey from two points of views. I have taken the interviews of ten entrepreneurs as well as ten buyers to know their valuable opinion about the performance of our business organizations.

There are my recommendations also in the last part of this term paper.

The answer of various people may be different about the question "Would you think that our business organizations run properly to face global competition? Majority must be granted - based on this philosophy I would like to get the actual result of my survey. To make it easy to understand I use many statistical diagrams and graphs. With explanation to support the opinion of mine there are some recommendation also.

Objectives To know - 01. Is our business organization run properly? 02. Are our native products capable to face free market competition? 03. What can be done to improve the performances of our native business?

Globalization & Bangladesh

Abstract:
Communication is essential for any business operation in this era of globalization. This paper will help to avoid any barriers of Communication. This paper also provide a significant guidance of effective communication.

Barriers of Communication

Abstract:
Today we are living in the age of globalization. The world is becoming too small as well as human motion is getting acceleration. Today we are doing works easily at the same time quickly than any other period in the past. Technology brings day night change in every portion of our life. We are doing calculation of one month within a moment by the touch of computer; we are spinning cloths, washing as well as drying it by the means of technology.

Our banking system has done a revolution in its daily routine works by the help of modern computer technology. Ledger book of one hundreds years which needed one building to store have stored in a squire foot hard disk of computer. Accessing to particular data or information being easier than ever.

Today carrying cash money is riskier as well as carrying more money is a boring practice. To avoid this many toots is used like payment order, demand draft and bank draft. But these have many limitations. To overcome these limitations credit & debit card has introduced. In this paper we will discuss the credit card operations in Bangladesh.

Abstract:
Research has no alternative to solve any problem or to have Competitive advantage in this competitive market. Without proper methodology of research it may provide useless result. So, this paper will discribe the significance of research & show an appropriate research methodology for business research.

Significance of Business Research

Abstract:
The main revolution of modern furniture in Dhaka city started during the late 1990s. Before 90s furniture industry was in a scattered form and a few furniture maker shops were here and there in Dhaka city. But they are not united and they do not think it as an industry. They just work as hereditary business.

But during late 90s, furniture business emerges as an important field of modern furniture industry. It has change up its traditional materials and design, many new raw-materials being added in furniture industry and many types of modern shape and new furniture being emerges.

market potentials of modern furniture in metropolitan dhaka city

Abstract:
As we know that, inflation is the result of excessive flow of money in the economy. In other words we can say that, when money flow increase in the economy without equilibrium with the production of goods & services it resultant into inflation.

Whatever it is there have some specific reasons behind occurring economic inflation in any economy. According to my topic of study I search to find out the reasons behind present economic inflation in Bangladeshi economy.

I also recommend some ways how this economic inflation can be control according to my perspective. I also collect some scholar's comments regarding the same issues.

Abstract:
Sales management is a continuous process through which such an environment being created where individual or groups work together to achieve organization's sales target.

Today we are living in the age of free trade around the globe. Global marketing concept is changing rapidly; competition is too strong in any position of this age. Each company being success when their sales target being fulfill at the same time poor sales performance diverts to the back lot, extra stock in stock room mean extra preservation cost.

Poor sales performance resultant on operation hampering. That means selling is the most essential job in any business firm. It may be selling goods or services.

But it is a great misfortune that, in our country sales people are not enjoying adequate salary and other benefits. They are depriving from each sectors, they are not enjoying social recognition, status as like other profession do. It resultant dissatisfaction of the sales people and caused production hampering or hues back lots.

In this assignment I define sales, management then Sales Management from different aspects. I also conduct a survey that, whether our sales people is trying to have a distinction career in sales and marketing? Or not. Whether they are happy in their position or not?

A field survey gives us a miserable scene of the sales people's satisfaction on their job in our country. It is being elaborately described in this assignment.

sales management, bangladeshi sales personnel

Abstract:
The topic of my assignment is Rights & Duties of citizens. Before describing rights & duties let's discuss what does citizen means? Who are citizens?

The term citizen can be understood in a narrow or in a broad sense. In a narrow sense it means the resident of a city or one who enjoy the privilege of living in a city. In a broad sense citizen means a person who resides within the territorial limits of the state. Speaking in terms of political science, citizen means a person who is in the members of the state & who enjoys social & political rights. In our country an adult of eighteen years of age enjoys, regardless of the distinction of cast, color and creed, education property and resident.

According to Aristotle: Citizen is he who has a power to take part in the deliberative or judicial administration of any state in said by us to be a citizen of that state.

On the basis of the description we can identify following factors of a citizen: A citizen is;

I. The member of the state
II. The social & political rights
III. Sentiment of devotion to the state

Now I would like to describe what is Rights? How many rights are there of a citizen? Who will ensure these rights of citizens? Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek to be himself at his best.

In another way we can say that, rights are what we may expect from others and others from us, and all genuine rights are the conditions of social welfare. Thus the rights anyone may clime are partly whose which are essential for every man in order to be a rational human person, and partly whose which are necessary for the fulfillment of the function that society aspect from him. They are conditioned by and correlative to his social responsibilities.

rights & duties of citizen

Abstract:
With the economic development of a country some opportunities comes out. Day by day Bangladeshi economy is becoming strong as well as globalization has a touch on our life style. Today we are more fashion aware and this awareness is increasing day by day and it will continue to increase with the advancement of our economic power.

Today we know about the modern chain stores of fashions like Wal-Mart, Jarah, and Cats eye etc. Bangladesh has an almost 150 million peoples market in our country. So concept of modern fashion houses as chain store can be applied in our country successfully.

Some strategic managers have started this mission from five to ten years back. Many of them are successful enough in this field. If I mention some of the successful fashion houses/boutique I must say about the followings:-

01. Grammen Poshak.
02. Arong.
03. Anjans.
04. Noborupa.
05. Alna.
06. Banglar Suba.
07. Deshal.
08. Nari Mela.
09. Rang.
10. Oitizzo.
11. Design Roots.
12. Sapnobaj
13. Noksha
14. Suti
15. Shadamon
16. Hetitez
17. Moiury.
18. Kinnori.
19. Nogar Dula
20. Foring

and many more. But covering a market of 150 million people with only twenty to twenty five small or medium houses is quit impossible. At the same time Bangladeshi handicraft has a lucrative market in abroad also. So we think here is a very potential field of investment for any Bangladeshi investor.

Environmental Analysis, Misison Statement

Abstract:
Bangladesh is a Less Developed Country and would like to be a middle income country within 2015. In this regard it has no alternative to be industrialized. After its independence in 1971 its economy has advanced a little comparatively from Malaysia or Vietnam.

To enhance economical capability production of a country has to be advanced up to massive level to gain economies of scale. Because the more number the production the low cost needed in it. Total production of a country is not used in exporting. Local consumption plays a vital role to increase total production.

In this case, retail sales are the key indicator of local consumption. If retail sale decrease, it is easy to understand that local consumers are not buying product in a massive scale it resultant on reducing production of the producers. Which may reduce GDP of the country, ultimately economic condition may be sloth down.

World is going first, our competitive economies are growing quickly. World economy is going to reach in to the mass consumption era. In this situation we are observing in the newspaper that, retail sales are decreasing day by day specially during present care taker government period. It indicates our GDP is bound to be going down. This may hamper our long term target of reaching middle income countries list within 2015.

So immediate research is needed to identify its cause and actions have to be taken to overcome this problem.

Abstract:
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) is expected to be prepared by the concern country through consulting domestic stake holders as well as foreign development partners including WB & IMF. The development of PRSP is country driven, result oriented, comprehensive, prioritized and partnership oriented based on a long term development goal. PRSP updates in every three years with annual progress report. The analysis involves in PRSP updating are macro economic indicators, structural and social program for three years and needs for development assistance from the donor agencies.

PRSP

Abstract:
The topic of my assignment is Define Marketing Management. Would you think that our business organizations run properly to face global competition? Give reasons in favor of your answer.

Based on my topic I have defined Marketing, origin of marketing, and the core concepts of marketing, marketing management from various points of views as well as with the expert's opinion.

To complete the middle part of my assignment I have conducted a survey from two points of views. I have taken the interviews of ten entrepreneurs as well as ten buyers to know their valuable opinion about the performance of our business organizations.

In the analysis part of their interviews I have interpreted these opinions into statistical graphs and charts. Through these charts and diagrams I presents their opinion in an easy and simple form to understand these better.

In the third part of this assignment I present my own view about the performance of our business organizations and explain reasons in favor of my opinion. There are some recommendations also to improve the performance of our business organizations and fit these to face global competition.

I am appreciating the honorable buyers and entrepreneurs those persons helped me to complete the assignment with their kind assistance.

Global Competition, Bangladeshi Business Organizations

Abstract:
Economic supremacy is the dominant feature of the present-day world. In order to survive, we have no option but to attain economic development. Foreign investment is recognised as a key ingredient for economic growth for the least developed countries (LDCs) and for Bangladesh, being one of the LDC with a domestic savings rate -- which in quite insufficient for investment after fulfilling its basic needs -- the importance of foreign investment is undeniable.

Today investing in a developed country is not viable due to very high labour cost and other factors. As a result, global investors are seeking for opportunities to invest in the developing countries or LDCs for the best return. But as an LDC, we have a lot to do to attract such investments in our own interest. Foreign direct investment (FDIs) will create employment, increase efficiency of our labour, encourage technology transfer and develop new exportable sectors for us.

Foreign investment in Bangladesh unfortunately, is not satisfactory. According to the UNCTAD, in 2003 Bangladesh had achieved only 0.05 per cent foreign investment, while the proportion was 0.9 per cent in India, 0.52 per cent in Vietnam, 10.2 per cent in Indonesia and 70 per cent in China.

In Bangladesh, most foreign investments have gone into the energy sector (mineral resources / mining). Comparatively foreign investment in the manufacturing sector is not high. This may be due to the fact that Bangladesh has a small domestic market and is not fully capable of consuming quality goods due to low purchasing power.

Abstract:
Today we are living in the globalization era. We are communicating globally and this communication is taking place for various reasons. Whatever is the reason making effective communication is essential. To have an effective communication one must have to know about human psychology. Studying abnormal psychology can help one to know about one's behavior and it also suggests how one has to behave with him to make an effective communication with him /her.

Abnormal psychology

Abstract:
As we all concerned that there are fourteen LDCs in Asia, they are - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Kiribati, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor Leste, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. In LDCs majority of population lives at or below income levels that they cannot meet basic needs. They have constraints in Supply-side. They High levels of export concentration (especially in a few primary commodities), Face economic vulnerability (according to a variety of indicators) and highly vulnerable to external shocks (natural and man-made).

LDCs are facing the following major challenges towards development: 01. Food security for all 02. Facilitating Education for all 03. Employment generation 04. Health facility for all 05. Good governance 06. Infrastructure development Completing in the field of globalization etc.

Abstract:
Globalization polarized the world and made international trade very competitive. Each and every country is trying to exploit whatever trade opportunities are available. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) contracting countries are facing various barriers to trade promotion. Due to bureaucratic and time-consuming process of removing the barriers, many countries are now thinking of alternatives like regional and bilateral free trade agreements for duty-free market access for many of their products.

The European Union (EU), considered a model of regional integration, has emerged an economic power. It acts as a unit in various international bodies like the UN and the WTO.

The South Asian leaders formed South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and adopted South Asian Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) and South Asian Freed Trade Agreement (SAFTA), keeping this in mind. The SAFTA came into effect January 01, 2006 for free trade among the eight SAARC member countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. South Asia is miles from the cherished goal of free trade. Bangladesh must study and analyse the opportunities and disadvantages of business under the SAFTA. The business community must strengthen their strengths to take opportunities of the SAFTA and prepare to overcome their weakness to avoid its disadvantages.

Bangladesh does need to assess properly the possible effects of SAFTA on its trade with other SAARC member-countries, whether or not it would increase trade, if not why? Bangladesh should raise the issue of its major exportable products in the negative list in the next trade negotiations with the SAARC countries under the SAFTA. It should study the barriers its businessmen are facing in doing business with the other SAARC countries to pinpoint the measures to make SAFTA more effective.

The study should concentrate on analysing the possible impact the SAFTA would have on Bangladesh's trade with the SAARC countries. It should identify Bangladesh's major exportable products in the negative or sensitive list of the SAARC countries, so that it can take up the issue in next trade negotiations under the SAFTA.

Abstract:
The current global crisis of capitalism originated from the financial meltdown in the United States of America (USA). The idea that the economies needed no regulation was abandoned after the great depression of 1930s. It was Keynes who pointed out the need for regulations to keep the economies in good health. The US policy-makers had, in recent years, deliberately abandoned regulations on the slogan of unbridled market economy. They allowed companies to go for profits without any checks until the economy came to verge of collapse. The US economic meltdown, in no time, adversely affected the other developed economies due to their close links with the US economy. Before long, it became a global economic crisis.

Global Financial Crisis 2009

Abstract:
One of the main economic reasons behind regional trade blocks is to allow their regional members to benefit from economic cooperation and comparative advantages. In 1980, Bangladesh had suggested a regional cooperative body of South Asian leaders, which then led to the establishment of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985, the adoption of the SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement (SAPTA) in 1993, and the agreement on the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) in 2004. This paper focuses on a review of the progress made with SAFTA, what Bangladesh’s prospects are in SAFTA, and how SAFTA can be made more active. It provides the historical background about the various initiatives within South Asia, reviews the actual trade data, and reviews the main trade restrictions within SAFTA. It also provides a set of recommendations based on this analysis.

Bangladesh, trade, SAFTA, regional trade blocks

Abstract:
The World Trade Organization (WTO, 1995) is carrying out a very difficult task from its day one of operation. It works to reduce Tariff & Non-tariff barriers to promote international trade. It negotiates with the member countries in multilateral level to facilitate trade & investment globally, works to mitigate international disputes, and also works as a platform to promote technical & trade related aid towards the LDCs.

Currently world is going through a very dangerous financial crisis, during & post financial crisis period protectionism may grow again. If so then WTO will have to face a comparatively tougher situation. After all we hope that, WTO will never loss its momentum, its will prove its necessity and work to facilitate globalization in a balanced way. As we all know that, Bangladesh is till now a Least Developed Country (LDC). But it has many important task to do to promote our export and raise our foreign currency reserve so that our economy can go forward up to a developed country.

As we know that, currently three negotiations are ongoing in the WTO negotiation table these are -
a. Non-Agricultural Products Market Access (NAMA)
b. Agriculture, and
c. Service
At the same time following working groups are working parallel,
a. Trade Facilitation
b. TRIPs and Technical Barriers to Trade
c. Trade Related Technical Assistance
d. Trade and Environment

WTO and Bangladesh

Abstract:
The national budget for fiscal 2009-10 has been placed by the finance minister for its approval. The proposals in the largest budget, so far, will get its approval by parliament on June 30, 2009, following its scrutiny. Hopefully, with some additions or deductions, the budget will be approved for implementation from July 01, 2009.

The finance minister stated in his budget speech that he set the targets, following the vision 2020 of the government, for the macro-economy to secure a sustained gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 10 per cent from 2017 and to raise the contribution of industry to GDP from 28 per cent to 40 per cent. Other goals include raising life expectancy to 70 years, reducing maternal mortality to 1.5 per cent and to scale down child mortality to 15 per thousand births. Reducing the rate of unemployment by 15 per cent and bringing down the population living below the poverty line to 15 per cent are also among the long term objectives.

National Budget 2009-2010, Bangladesh

Abstract:
Though South Asia covers 4,488,300 sq kms of the world's surface area with a population of 1.5 billion, still it has only a negligible share of the world's total volume of trade. Most of the people of this region are living below the poverty line. Only mutual initiatives towards economic integration can play a vital role in upgrading the standards of living of the poor people.

Economic integration in general is a process of removing progressively the discriminations which occur at the national borders. Such discrimination may affect the flow of goods and services and the movement of factors of production either directly or through economic activity via the factor of production.

Academicians have predicted two opposite outcomes, both positive and negative. Negative effects include the possibility that the infant industrial sector may not survive the open market competition or that the sick industries might face ruin. On the other hand, positive effects in the short-run include inland 'trade-creation effects.' But that must outweigh trade diversion effects in order to achieve beneficial trade liberalization. However, apart from short-run benefits, there are also the long-run benefits such as greater technical efficiency due to greater competition, larger markets, higher consumer surpluses, and more foreign investments.

There are five main stages of regional integration such as free trade areas, customs unions, common market, economic union and total economic integration. Such stages are the outcome of policy decisions taken by regional inter-governmental forum and/or supranational institutions in order to affect the depth and breadth of regional integration.

Economic Integration

Abstract:
This is an era of globalization. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is working hard to ensure free movement of goods and services across the world. No country of the world is self-sufficient; everyone has some advantages and disadvantages. People once used to share their strengths and weaknesses with others for the sake of peaceful living. The modern system of this sharing is multilateral trading system under the umbrella of WTO or regional trade agreement like the EU, ASEAN, SAFTA, APTA, etc. As multilateral trade negotiation in the WTO is getting delayed because of so many issues, countries are moving to regional free trade arrangements, even bilateral free trade arrangements, to make to process quicker.

With the same end in view, Bangladesh-Myanmar Joint Trade Commission (JTC) was formed in 2003 to promote mutual trade and investment among us. In the meantime, two meetings of this JTC were held and some very important trade related issues were initiated in those meetings. But until now, none of the issues has been finalized. We must remember that, in this age of ITC, no opportunity will wait for any one. If someone fails to take the opportunity in time, we must see that it has been taken by any other else. The problems and issues involved in Bangladesh-Myanmar trade negotiation are about:

L/C opening

Transportation.

Mutual exchange of gas and fertilizer issue.

Contract Farming

Increasing market access of Bangladeshi products into Myanmar.

Border market and trade exhibition, etc.

Trade Negotiation, Bamgladesh-Mayanmar Trade Relations

Abstract:
Man is mortal - the universal truth. I want to say that, not only man of human being is mortal but also all living being is mortal. Nobody can live forever but ones goodwill or image is immortal. Society never forgets some ones activities. Human's activities are universal. Man can live in his goodwill or positive image forever. Whose who are remarkable in the world they have done something for society without any personal profit.

They are heroes of the nations. There activities are immortal. Human being will remember the mass people will remember their activities forever as well as their name. For this reasons we can say that, heroes live forever.

In the same way, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the national heroes of Bangladesh. He was a symbol fighter politician at the whole Pakistan period from 1950s to 1971. He has a major part to become Bangladesh it self as an independent country. Bangladeshi Nationals were free from the Pakistani unitary rule. At first let's know some thing about this great leader.

Abstract:
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is mandated for poverty alleviation through trade and economic co-operation in the region. It did not gain momentum up to the desired level. Intra-SAARC trade remained low even after 23 years of SAARC's inception. The foreign direct investment (FDI) among the SAARC region is very negligible. Intra-regional investment depends on the capability to pursue deep integration and economic connectivity.

Our previous efforts to boost intra-regional trade through South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement (SAPTA) did not meet with success because of some factors like inter-country barriers to trade, rampant informal trade, high tariff, non-tariff barriers, absence of harmonisation of standards, non-simplification of customs clearance procedures, non-simplification of banking procedures, barriers to intra-SAARC investment and inadequate transport infrastructure.

SAFTA, SAARC, RTA, South Asia

Abstract:
Last month I was in Singapore to join an international seminar on 'Pan Asian Integration' but before that we must be integrated in South Asia to facilitate integration with East Asia. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is mandated for poverty alleviation through trade and economic cooperation in the region. It did not gain momentum up to the desired level. Intra-SAARC trade remained lower than 5% even after 23 years of SAARC's inception. The foreign direct investment (FDI) among the SAARC region is very negligible. Intra-regional investment depends on the capability to pursue deep integration and economic connectivity.

Our previous efforts to boost intra-regional trade through South Asian Preferential Trade Arrangement (SAPTA) did not meet with success because of some factors like intercountry barriers to trade, rampant informal trade, high tariff, non-tariff barriers, absence of harmonisation of standards, non-simplification of customs clearance procedures, non-simplification of banking procedures, barriers to intra-SAARC investment and inadequate transport infrastructure.

Effective trade facilitation measures should be implemented as an obligation to ensure enabling trade policy and governance for smooth and speedy movement of goods across the borders.

South Asia, Economic Integration

Abstract:
Rapid advancement of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) provides a newer shape of business. Pattern of doing business has changed into a completely different format. Concept of free market economy got its existence from the conceptual base through the advancement of online marketing facility. Countries are working to come closer through different regional blockings as well as under the multilateral trading system through the World Trade Organization (WTO)s active intervention to make international trade easier than ever. World Customs Organization (WCO) introduced HS Code system to harmonize world trade facilitate quick customs clearance. After all globalization get a momentum in last decade and many non-tariff, Para-tariff barriers are addressed and in a considerable position of solution of the problems. Countries are negotiating and committed to co-operate each others to ensure free movement of trade around the globe. As a result new issues are coming into emergence with challenge or opportunity in its two sites.

International Business, MBA, Globalization

Abstract:
Though the global financial crisis affects the march of globalisation, economists are confident that the world will recover and globalisation will regain its momentum. Globalisation holds opportunities and threats. It offers opportunities for the fittest and threatens the inefficient. It creates new products, provides newer employment opportunities and opens up new markets for the investors. It increases competition and technological development and emphasises innovative research. We must be prepared to avail the opportunities that globalisation offers us.

globalization

Abstract:
SMEs, as defined by the European Union (EU), comprise the industries, having less than 250 workers. This number is 300 workers having yearly turnover within Tk. 38 million (380 crore) under the Japanese definition. In case of Bangladesh, SMEs are the organisations where less than 60 workers are employed and up to an amount of Tk. 10 million has been invested. There are about 6.0 million SMEs in Bangladesh. So we can easily understand how many people are involved in this sector. This is the single largest industrial sector of the Bangladesh economy.

SMEs may become the main foreign currency-earning sector for the country if they get enough nursing with professionalism. The government has established SME Foundation to help further promote the sector. Recently, a very qualified chairman has been recruited for this SME Foundation from the private sector; he is a prominent businessman in the country. But the government has to allow him operational freedom to enable him to execute his planning accordingly and ensure financial assistance to help promote the sector.

SME, Promoting Bangladesh, SME sector

Abstract:
Perhaps this country is heading towards a middle-income economy. Right now it is still an LDC with quite a huge portion of the population living hand to mouth. Obviously there are a very few elite and a number of well to do families in this country, but how many? They are probably not more than several thousand such families, which means they are too little in number measured against a 15 plus core population. A significant amount of them are middle or lower income families.

The middle or lower middle income families work hard to ensure a sound education and provide a solid cultural environs for their much cherished offspring. The ultra rich educate their children abroad and employ them in the family business after completion of studies. But who are the majority actors in this social process? Obviously they are middle or lower middle income families. The higher middle income families educate their meritorious children in good schools, colleges and universities despite their many limitations. They suffer but education expenses are met on a priority basis with a hope that their son and daughter will complete studies with brilliant result and will get a job to take a hand for the family to bring them to genuine financially solvency. They will run the family on an affluent basis after the parents become old.

However there are too many subjects in our country at the university level, which are not directly related with the practical job field. For example philosophy makes us wise, psychology help us to think about the human nature, history enable us to enriche our judgment but where is the lucrative field of these in today's world? Some of the students are becoming teachers of the subject but what about the rest?

Those subjects certainly need to be learned. But for the majority of students these subjects should be in addition to the major ones like BBA or BCom or BSc (Science is being neglected these days which will lead to great woes in future, so there is still time to remedy). A student has to be educated in these subjects like Sociology, Psychology, Politics, Philosophy, History but the major will be the core subjects of medicine, engineering, management, marketing, accounting, etcetera. Obviously as a result a BBA graduate is to study almost forty different courses and become specialised in one particular subject only. This system enables a student to have a knowledge about all other subjects and a specialist in one.

If demanded curriculum is introduced at the primary level for the poorer families who wish to have a job after completing primary education as trade courses or practical courses in sewing cloth or operating any machine used in a garments factory or in a printing press or in an ice-cream factory or bakery then after successfully completing that primary level one must get a job in a garment factory or in a printing press or in an ice-cream factory or in a bakery as an operator with a satisfactory salary to employ him or being self employed.

In the same way all existing honours and masters' courses will be there but every course will include at least one-third marks from the demanded course of business leaders. For example in honors we used to be educated in 4000 marks in four years program if 1500 marks include from demanded courses by avoiding some repeated courses teaching presently in undergraduate level. Presently we see at least five-time repetition of some courses in honors level with almost similar curriculum.

Finally the Demand Driven Courses can be taught with major marks for the core courses. These courses will be designed based on the recommendations of the curriculum setters focusing on the required skills and knowledge as required in different sectors.

This Demand Driven Education courses will be rescheduled every ten years based on current requirement of skills and knowledge. It needs to be borne in mind that this is the computer and Internet age. Engineering and medicine are what has brought about the present global village inhabited at the higher stages by those of greater life span. These courses need to be practical-oriented. So, for example in business courses will include significant marks for part time industrial attachment. The students will get theoretical as well as practical knowledge on their specific field of study and they will be more efficient to perform their daily tasks in the job field.

Thus our business leaders can get adequate qualified personnel in each respective field to expand their business to meet the globalisation challenges. Our students will get a job with proper salaries after completing the degree and our society will get relief from the unemployment load.

This kind of system tried out on the ground can supply skilled manpower for the concerned sector (be it pharmaceuticals or business) and ensure full utilisation of our human resource potentials. Our business leaders, government, academicians with all other decision makers have to decide what is the need of the hour: educated unemployed load for the society or employed human resource for betterment of the society. The government should play our role to have the best.

Demand Driven Education, Need for Demand Driven Education

Abstract:
Global free market economy is comparatively a better concept of market structure. Free market economy ensures full competitive market where rights of buyers as well as sellers will be protecting. Now let's try to know what free market is? A market will be treated as free market when it fulfills the following conditions: a. Price of the product will be fixed upon buyers and sellers bargaining, b. there will no influential actions taken by anybody to control demand and supply, and, c. there will no actions taken by government to fix up products price, etc.

But, what we are observing in Bangladeshi market by the name of free market economy? Is it is the face of free market? Here sellers are not going to compromise with the buyers, sellers are fixing price of one product according to his part there is no options to take it otherwise by the buyers. Buyers has no role to play either he can buy or left the store. The first condition of free market economy is showing thumbs by the sellers.

Abstract:
Once upon a time economists thought government policies has no impact on business. But after the great depression Mr. Keynes has proved that government policies have a direct impact on business. For example if government impose more taxes & duties on a particular sector than profit margin of this sector will go down even businessmen can lose their interest to this sector and they can give up this business. Similarly if government give some taxation / duty facilities for any particular sector then businessmen will fell encourage investing in this sector as a result this sector will grow up.

Not only this, if government ensure availability of loan with a reasonable interest though the monetary policy of the central bank than investment will go up and vice versa. In this paper we will see are their any other impacts of government policy on business.

Similarly current world order has a tremendous impact on a country's business. It may be legal or illegal. For example USA manipulates UN to impose sections on Iraq illegally. But this section destroyed Iraqi business environment. They lost billions of dollars business even their deposited money in the USA & its alliance. Now USA is the world leader as a result there is no country in the world that can do successful international business without having a good relations with USA. In this case Iran may be another good example. USA is trying to impose section on Iran also. Their propaganda may be wrong like the propagandas against Iraqi Saddam Hosen government. There is no balance of power in the world now. By taking this chance USA in destroying huge resources of their competitors countries or the countries are not giving them their expected illegal salute.

The Impact of Government Policy on Business can be explaining from two points of views. Such as:

i. From Political point of view.
ii. From Technical point of view.

i. If we describe the impact of government policies on business from political pint of views then we will have to think about inland political parties (ideologies) as well as world politics. Because international business never depends upon any particular government's policy it depends on the local as well as world order. We will discuss it elaborately later.

ii. If we describe the mater from technical points of views then we will have to consider the following things:

" taxation
" subsidies
" interest rates
" exchange rates
" public-private partnerships

All these things are related to the impact of government policy on business. We will discuss it elaborately in the following discussion.

Influence of Government Policies on Business, World Order and Business Environment

Abstract:
Economic supremacy is the dominant feature of the present-day world. In order to survive, we have no option but to attain economic development. Foreign investment is recognised as a key ingredient for economic growth for the least developed countries (LDCs) and for Bangladesh, being one of the LDC with a domestic savings rate -- which in quite insufficient for investment after fulfilling its basic needs -- the importance of foreign investment is undeniable.

Today investing in a developed country is not viable due to very high labour cost and other factors. As a result, global investors are seeking for opportunities to invest in the developing countries or LDCs for the best return. But as an LDC, we have a lot to do to attract such investments in our own interest. Foreign direct investment (FDIs) will create employment, increase efficiency of our labour, encourage technology transfer and develop new exportable sectors for us.

Foreign investment in Bangladesh unfortunately, is not satisfactory. According to the UNCTAD, in 2003 Bangladesh had achieved only 0.05 per cent foreign investment, while the proportion was 0.9 per cent in India, 0.52 per cent in Vietnam, 10.2 per cent in Indonesia and 70 per cent in China.

In Bangladesh, most foreign investments have gone into the energy sector (mineral resources / mining). Comparatively foreign investment in the manufacturing sector is not high. This may be due to the fact that Bangladesh has a small domestic market and is not fully capable of consuming quality goods due to low purchasing power.

Foreign Investment, Bangladesh

Abstract:
The term executive is used to denote the person or group who has administrative power in the organization or state or province. In modern managerial process the concepts thinking and functions as well as views of the executive has changed. Once upon a time there was a speech that the executives are decider not doer but in modern management process this concept has changed, as The executives are decider as well as doer.

Executive may be a high official of the government, who use to formulate various policies of the government such as, feign relations, posting of subordinate officials, appointing qualified candidate, providing incentives or punishment to the sublimates, etc.

A business executive is the person who uses to formulate various policies and strategies in various business sectors. For example an excite play the role of recruiting officer, catcher as well as councilor in HR Department, he play the role of chief supervisor in Production Department, he used to formulate numerous promotional plans in Marketing Department.

The overall action to buildup a strong distribution channels and maintains effective public relations is played by an executive in Sales & Distribution Department. He also used to make forecasting in Finance Department. So from modern point of views we can say that an executive is a decider as well as a promoter, controller, coacher, and doer.

Role of an Executive, Modern Views of Executive

Abstract:
Currently the world economy is experiencing a serious financial crisis. The largest economies of the world have failed to tackle it. Due to their inherent weaknesses, the smaller economies may face more problems than the highly industrialized and the rich ones. Bangladesh is a least developed country (LDC) and would like to be a middle income country within 2015. In this regard, it has no alternative, but to become industrialized. After its independence in 1971, its economy has advanced a little compared to that of Malaysia or Vietnam. To develop an economy, it has to increase production to such a level that it can achieve the economy of scale. Because, the more is the volume of production, the less is the unit cost of goods produced. The total production of a country is not exported. Local consumption plays a vital role in increasing production.

Abstract:
Globalization makes the business challenging and competitive than ever before. As a result some companies are doing well and others are going dissolved. Sometime conflicts among the directors may also be a reason of dissolution. Government act or other environmental factors can be responsible for dissolution of a firm. The consequences of dissolution being discussed below:

Before discussing the consequences of dissolution, we have to discuss what dissolution is. Dissolution of a firm means the end of a firm by the break up of the relation of partnership between all the partners. In the latter case, the partnership continues but there is a change in the number of partners.

Dissolution, Censequences of Dissolution