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Abstract:
All over the world and in most of the current society and culture, most people consider premarital sex acceptable and harmless, but the major problem of premarital is sex that it often leads to divorce. The behavior and emotional problems are much higher in premarital sex situations than in marriages. An attempt is made to delve into the problems involved in premarital sex. The paper also provides some research findings of American experience, pointing out some implications for policy development and for the youth.

Youth, Society, Culture, Pre-marital sex, Schools and Colleges

Abstract:
Agriculture sector plays a vital role in the world economy and provides food for every one of us. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is important body in the international trade and agriculture. Surprisingly, the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) of WTO does not refer to food and agriculture at all. Agricultural subsidies and trade become controversial issues in the Doha round of talks in the recent past. The entry of China into the WTO has a dramatic impact on the country's farmers. This article discusses the impact of China's entry in the WTO. It also discusses about the WTO and agricultural trade liberalization in developing countries. Further, it analyses critically Doha round of talks on agriculture.

WTO, Agriculture trade, China, Doha round of Talks, Global market. India

Abstract:
The problem of child labour is immense and has been growing. Wherever poverty exists, child labour there prevails and it is one of the most striking issues in the developing countries. Hence, there is a need to identify the vulnerable children and point out the problems in relation to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), particularly poverty eradication, education for all, gender equality, combating HIV/AIDS and creation of a global partnership for development. To understand household labour supply decisions, considering relations to the labour market and to public interventions is critical in designing programmes in order to achieve the MDG. The research on child labour represent in this respect a largely untapped resource of knowledge for policymakers in the fields of education programme and poverty reduction programmes. An attempt is made in this article to demonstrate how increased education opportunities and increased welfare reduces child labour.

Child labour, MDGs, Poverty, developing countries, UN Convention on the Child Rights, education

Abstract:
The poverty levels in Eritrea are alarming. In the light of the escalating nature of poverty, there is an urgent need for a poverty alleviation initiative to reduce miseries of the majority of the poor. An attempt is made in this paper to analyse the incidence of poverty in the country with a particular focus on Agriculture. It also shed a light on the agriculture sector and its crucial role in providing 75 per cent jobs to its people. The paper also delves with the microfinance institutions particularly the Saving and Micro Credit Porgramme and its impact in reducing the poverty. It concludes that microfinance has strong capacity to drive economic growth and poverty reduction in Eritrea.

Poverty, Eritrea, agriculture extension, agriculture technology, Microfinance

Abstract:
Food problem became more severe after the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, presenting a series challenges to India's agricultural sector. Even during good harvest years, food imports remain high. A large segment of people were poor. To mitigate these problems, India adopted farming strategies under the "Green Revolution" in the mid 1960s. The application of modern farming technology, introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased use of fertilizers, development and expansion of irrigation systems, extension of credit and educational services to farmers. These activities resulted in a drastic increase of farm products leading India to achieve self-sufficiency in food within a short period of time. The "Green Revolution" has contributed to Indian agriculture tremendously and transformed India from a starving nation to a food exporter. The activities that comprise the "Green Revolution" are worth emulating in the Eritrean environment. This paper explores the impact of the "Green Revolution" on Indian agricultural production with the aim of drawing lessons for Eritrea to modernize its agriculture and subsequently solve its food insecurity problem. The Indian experience serves as a model for Eritrea to achieve self-sufficiency in food.

Green Revolution, Agriculture and Technology, India, Eritrea, Food Security

Abstract:
This article deals with the impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic on poverty and education in Africa. It considers the scale and scope of the pandemic and its anticipated impact on education systems in heavily infected sub-Saharan African countries. It looks for lessons derived from twenty years of coping with HIV/AIDS in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. The paper concludes by suggesting how the education sector can improve its management response to the pandemic in order to protect education provision and quality, and to mitigate the distress of increasing numbers of orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC).

Poverty, Education, HIV/AIDS, Africa, Children, Women, Government

Abstract:
Trade and investment are of paramount importance to achieve sustainable development thereby eradicating poverty. Developing countries were strongly arguing on this issue. Their argument emanates from the fact that the terms of trade between the developing and developed countries are unfair. All the developing countries realized that they needed the WTO to negotiate export market access particularly in highly protected sectors like agriculture and textiles, and to defend themselves against non-tariff protection from developed countries. The developing countries constitute for a four-fifths in the WTO, only a small minority are active in it. Weak participation in the WTO is largely a reflection and extension of policy-making deficits at home. In line with this they are participating in WTO and redesigning their trade policies in enhancing the domestic trade and contribute for the global trade. This article explores the GATT/WTO policies and their impact on the trade and development of developing countries. It also highlights the general arrangements/preferences available to developing countries by EU and other developed world and it provides good trade policy with specific objectives and indicators that are important for the developing countries.

Developing countries, WTO, GATT, Trade Policy Doha Conference, Tariff

Abstract:
Women play a key role in economic growth and development, yet they are still discriminated against in economic life. Eritrea has extreme poverty and more than 66 percent of people live below poverty line. Eventually, the number of poor households in the country is high. Many are women-headed households, whose husbands died during the conflicts or who are now serving in the National Service. Women-headed households are particularly vulnerable. The Savings and Micro Credit Program (SMCP) provides major microfinance to women entrepreneurs. A small group of women and men were interviewed to ascertain their successes and problems with micro credit and enterprise development. This paper delves how the women benefited from the microfinance program and got rid of their poverty. An attempt is made to explore and analyse various other institutions that provide microfinance to the women and other beneficiaries. The paper concludes that the women entrepreneurs are considerably supported and benefited by the microfinance program

Eritrea, Microfinance, Women entrepreneurs, poverty, economic development

Abstract:
Gender disparities in education raise many questions for governments and civil societies. There are many factors that contribute to the gender gap in education. In Eritrea, gender disparities persist in the enrolment rates between boys and girls at all levels. Gender inequality has become a major issue in Eritrea in the recent years. This paper discusses educational development in the country. It identifies and analyses various factors that cause gender inequality in education. Further, it also provides some policy implications to solve the gender related problems in the country.

Gender, Education, Eritrea, Education for All, Inequality, Dakar Framework, Warsay Yikeallo

Abstract:
Child labour is one of the severe problems faced by developed and developing economies. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) adopted on 20 November 1989 and entered into force on 2 September 1990. Nevertheless the challenges faced by the children remained the same. In some of the African and Asian countries children are exposed to vulnerable conditions due to various economic, social, cultural and political problems. This paper provides a general overview of the impact of poverty on child labour and child soldier. An attempt is made in this article to highlight and critically examine the problems of children in many developing countries. An attempt is also made to highlight what may be termed as tentative children issues and lessons emerging from Africa and India.

Poverty, Child labour, child soldier, Child rights' convention, Africa, India

Abstract:
Education has long been recognized as a central element in development. The human capital formation is receiving increased attention from policy makers and scholars in different parts of the world particularly in developing countries. Eritrea is a newly born nation in Africa and is striving hard to develop its higher education. An attempt is made in this paper to analyze the educational trends, the strategies and challenges for higher educational development in the country. Furthermore, the paper also delves the development of higher education in the country since independence. The paper provides some implications for the for the policy purpose to develop higher education so as to curb the use of expatriate manpower in different sectors of the economy.

Higher Education, Africa, Eritrea, Human capital, economic growth, poverty

Abstract:
There is an imperative need to change the education pattern to achieve universal primary education in India. Even after 60 years of Independence, India faces obstacles in providing Education For All. This study was conducted in a primary school of Errabelly village of Karimnager district of Andhra Pradesh, India. The study revealed that children dropped out of school so as to assist in household and agricultural activities. It also reveals that the dropout rate of girls is more than that of boys. The study recommended that budgetary allocations should be increased so as to encourage the primary school participation and provide some form of financial assistance to the students.

Primary Education, Enrolment, Retention, India, Errabelly, Andhra Pradesh

Abstract:
Education is a lifelong process. Twentieth century has witnessed the miracles of Human Resource Development (HRD) activities reflected through increase in GNP and overall productive activities. The Government of Eritrea offering both formal and informal training programmes at different levels in order to develop the human resources. This prosperity in education is obviously a great thing for Eritrea, and the dream to make Eritrea a technological-oriented and advanced nation would become real, because the cumulative effort done so far in the human development is noteworthy. As Human Resource Development Programmes concentrate much on the category of major raw human resource to be processed into the work force and its role in reconstructing the economy. An attempt is made in this paper to analyse the educational and human resource development after independence. This paper also provides detailed account of technical and vocation education with special reference to skill development programme.

Education, Human Resource, Development, Eritrea, Technical education

Abstract:
The industrial revolution led to the birth of different types of insurance systems. Insurance business emerged and developed in Eritrea during the Italian period. The insurance industry in Eritrea has been huge profits from its inception in 1992. In spite of the consistent profits by the insurance, the Government privatized it recently due the policy and revenue requirements. An attempt is made in this paper to discuss the background of the insurance and it evolution and development. This paper focuses on achievements and challenges of Eritrean insurance industry after independence. The paper attempts to synthesis diverse viewpoints, protect confidentiality and offer insights into the ever-changing insurance environment in Eritrea.

Eritrea, Insurance Industry, challenges and achievements, African insurance

Abstract:
Indian economy has been recording impressive growth rates since 1991. This can be partly attributed to the multi-sector structural reforms aimed at enhancing productivity, efficiency and international competitiveness of the economy. The reforms have been undertaken gradually with mutual consent and wider debate amongst the participants and in a sequential pattern that is reinforcing to the overall economy. The financial markets have developed and are more integrated after the reforms, and regulatory and supervisory institutions have been set-up. The reforms, though slow paced initially but well synchronized, have begun to yield results. The economy has recorded consistently high growth rates, avoided any adverse impact from the South East Asian crises, built substantial foreign exchange reserves, pre-paid some of its external debt and restructured its domestic debt. An attempt is made in this paper to figure out the challenges and threats that lie ahead in Indian economy. The study also raises a number of questions that need further analysis to enable us to understand better the continuing and likely impact of the economic reforms in India.

Indian Economy, Trends and Issues, Poverty, Agriculture, Economic Reforms

Abstract:
The poverty problem is chronic in the Horn of Africa. Majority of the people in the region are suffering from this problem. There are numerous factors that cause poverty in the region. The challenge of poverty reduction in the Horn should therefore address the poverty reduction issues at national, provincial and local levels. A brief survey of literature has been made to enable us understand some theories and models that are related to poverty reduction in the developing economies. This paper delves the incidence of poverty in the Horn of Africa region. It identifies the major threats and challenges of the poverty. It highlights different factors that cause the poverty and provides some implications to minimize the poverty levels in the Horn region.

Poverty, Horn of Africa, Challenges, Sustainable Development, Drought, Pastoralists

Abstract:
The three decades of armed struggle, the subsequent drought, and deliberate policies of neglect and mismanagement by the last two regimes in Eritrea made growth of the Eritrean economy practically impossible. After independence, the country achieved a steady growth for some years. However, due to the border conflict with Ethiopia, the economy was characterised by severe macroeconomic imbalances and unusually high level of public expenditure. Poverty and inflation also increased many folds. Both domestic and external public debts reached unsustainable levels. Thus, an attempt is made in this paper to delve into some important trends of the Eritrean economy before and after 1998. The paper highlights some of the key economic issues like education, health, infrastructure, unemployment, poverty etc., and provides some concluding remarks.

War Torn Eritrean Economy, Economic growth, Human Development, Economic Integration

Abstract:
The main economic activity of the people of Eritrea is agriculture: crop production and livestock herding. Agriculture mainly comprises mixed farming and some commercial concessions. Most agriculture is rain-fed. The main rain-fed crops are sorghum, millet and sesame, and the main irrigated crops are all horticultural crops like bananas, onions and tomatoes and cotton. The major livestock production constraints are disease, water and feed shortages and agricultural expansion especially in the river frontages. The agricultural sector employs eighty percent of the working population, but its production has not managed to cover internal food demand and is forced to cover nearly 50 per cent of its annual cereal requirements through imports-commercial and food assistance. Like most African countries, Eritrea is also a victim of the problem of food insecurity. In good years the country produces only about 60 per cent of its total food needs and in poor years, it produces no more than 25 per cent. On average, once in 10 years, the country is threatened with famines.

Annual crop production depends on rainfall that is variable and unevenly distributed from year to year. Therefore, the primary goal of Eritrea is to guarantee food security by introducing modern technology, irrigation, terracing, soil and water conservation, with less dependence on rainwater. Thus the Government has articulated its food policy, which stresses national ownership of grant food assistance and to achieve food security in the coming five years. The policy indeed encompasses all sectoral policies and represents the Government's engagements with regard to food security. Despite the general trends of improvement in the economy of Eritrea, it has not yet fully recovered, and thus will still continue to require variable degrees of food assistance for the coming few more years. Based on this historical and recurrent food insecurity in Eritrea, an attempt is made in this paper to assess the agriculture development and food policy in the country. Furthermore, the paper captures the available food security policy proposals of Eritrea and eventually draws conclusions.

Agriculture, Food Security, Food Policy

Abstract:
African economies are facing the critical challenge of raising the rate of GDP growth and sustaining high growth rates and thus meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The performance of agriculture is more paradoxical and African exports of industrial goods are dominated by mining and crude oil. The financial systems remain largely underdeveloped both in terms of the size and range of financial instruments and services offered. This article explores the recent growth performance both at the continental and subregional level. It discusses disparities in growth performance and the factors behind the observed disparities across countries and subregions. It also discusses developments at the sectoral level and progress and challenges in human development, closing with a brief exposition of the prospects for 2007. The paper further analyses the HIV/AIDS in the continent and its impact on the economy.

African Economy, MDGS, Financial System, Crude Oil, Human Development

Abstract:
Poor Internet connectivity is one of the pertinent issues in the digital divide between developing and industrialized countries, hampering the transition to the global information society. Recent emergence of national and regional research and education data communication networks in parts of the developing world have shown large benefits arising from collaboration amongst tertiary education institutes. Africa is currently the most under-served continent in terms of the information and communication technologies. Hence the collaboration amongst tertiary education institutes in Africa is imperative to make them key players in the enhancement of information and communication technologies for society. An attempt is made in this article to delve the recent trends that emerged from the higher educational institutes in Africa. The paper also highlights the key role of tertiary education and Internet that can induce social and economic developments.

Tertiary education, ICT development, Africa, satellite, Internet

Abstract:
The development of money is an abstract of the history of civilization. Financial institutions encourage saving habit among the people by receiving deposits from the public in various forms. The Axumite kings were the first to mint coins in the African Continent. The aim of this paper is to explore the lessons learned from the different historical developments in the country and the region. The paper discusses the origin of banking system in Eritrea. It highlights the historical evolution and growth of money and banking in Eritrea during the Axumite, Italian, and the British, Ethiopian periods. It also provides the chronological development of money and banking from historical times to the post-independent Eritrea. It also deals with the existing banking institutions in the country. The paper makes an extensive use of related literature in enlightening the money and banking system in Eritrea during the historical period. It ends with summary and concluding remarks.

Money, Banking, Eritrea, historical development, Banking institutions

Abstract:
Education has long been recognized as a central element in economics development. In Eritrea, Church education played a significant role in transmitting church literature from generation to generation. Quranic schools also played a similar role in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean Society. Since Independence, education is well organized in the country. Eritrea has invested heavily in education and has embarked on a wide-ranging program. The World Bank, Eritrea has also made substantial investment in a plan intended to quickly raise the country's skill levels. The guiding purpose of the research on which this article is based, is to explore the educational history of Eritrea at different periods. It covers the Eritrean education system during the Italian Rule, British Rule, and Ethiopian Rule. It also provides educational development of Eritrea after independence. The methodology used in this paper is essentially a descriptive analysis of data obtained from the secondary sources.

Education, Eritrea, economic development, economic growth, educational history

Abstract:
This paper explores the Eritrean agricultural production, land and people. It also provides the Elabered Estate, how it increases agricultural yields through using varieties of grains with greater resistance to disease and pests, together with the use of improved farm management techniques and chemical inputs, such as improved pesticides and fertilizers. Thus present paper covers the success story of Elabered Estate of an important player in Eritrean agriculture sector. The paper deals with the concerted efforts made by the Estate to go with the Global Competition. It also highlights some of the problems and challenges of Eritrean agriculture sector.

Agriculture, Eritrea, Global Competition, Elabered Estate

Abstract:
In the Uruguay Round Agreement, the rules governing agricultural trade were changed fundamentally. Members have agreed to convert all non-tariff agricultural barriers (NTBs) to ordinary tariffs, to bind all agricultural tariffs, and to subject them to reductions. Members have also agreed to establish tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) to preserve historical trade levels and to create some new trade opportunities in highly protected markets. Some reductions in agricultural tariffs also were achieved. Nonetheless, agricultural tariffs remain to be very high for some politically sensitive products in some developing countries, limiting the trade benefits from the new rules. The failure of trade negotiators, who met at Geneva to narrow their differences on the modalities of compiling detailed cuts in tariffs and agricultural subsidies, is no doubt a setback to multilateral trade negotiations. This paper analyses the impact of WTO agricultural trade policies on developing economies. An attempt is made to discuss the benefits and risks for agricultural trade associated with the changes in international trade. The paper also delves agricultural reforms that were introduced by the GATT prior to 1995. The paper examines whether the reforms were useful for the developing countries or not. By way of a summing up, some insights are set out to provoke analysis and debate on the controversial WTO talks.

WTO, Agriculture tariff, GATT, Market access, developing countries, quotas

Abstract:
Food security is about ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to the basic food they need. In a number of African countries chronic malnutrition and transitory food insecurity are pervasive. Like most African countries, Eritrea is also a victim of the problem of food insecurity. Based on this historical and recurrent food insecurity in Eritrea, an attempt is made in this paper to assess the possible causes of food insecurity in the country. Furthermore, the paper captures the available food security policy proposals of Eritrea and eventually draws conclusions and extends possible recommendations and policy remedies suited to the country.

Agriculture, Food security, Food policy, Poverty, Eritrea, Drought

Abstract:
Many developments witnessed in 2005 in the world economy have important implications for African economies. There are many issues raised pertaining global imbalances and they obviously occupied center stage in the monetary and other economic policies of developing and developed countries. The U.S. runs a current account of deficit of $805 billion, around 6.4 per cent of its GDP. In contrast, Japan has a surplus of nearly $164 billion and China $158 billion. The record rise in oil prices and - the dim prospects of their coming down soon - have certainly exacerbated the problem. An attempt is made in this paper to discuss about the Global economic changes in the year 2005. The paper also delves the economy of Africa, which exposed to different shocks particularly the oil shock.

Global Economy, Imbalances, African Economy, Monetary policy, Development

Abstract:
The HIV/AIDS is a pandemic that is engulfing many developing countries of Africa, particularly South Africa, Ethiopia, Botswana, Swaziland, and Uganda. Eritrea, a young nation in Africa has over 70,000 adults currently infected with HIV/AIDS and the number is progressively increasing. Nationally, women make-up almost 59 percent of the total reported AIDS cases. Women are over represented as victims of AIDS because they are biologically more vulnerable than men to sexually transmitted diseases and physically more susceptible to AIDS. Over 70 percent of the cases reported fall in the age range of 20 to 39 years, of which 60 percent are males and 40 percent are females. The study mainly deals with the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa. As part of the study, data were collected both from primary and secondary sources. The paper delves into the pandemic and its impact on women in Africa, and with particular reference to Eritrea. It highlights the challenges of the pandemic and its impact on human capital and concludes with some policy implications to improve the situation in Africa, especially Eritrea.

HIV/AIDS, Pandemic, Africa, Eritrea, women, human capital, economy

Abstract:
Warsai-Yikeaalo Program (WYP) has been introduced in Eritrea with the objective of constructing and reconstructing the infrastructure in the country. It has been under implementation since May 2002. The present study has been carried out to assess the impact of WYP in Eritrea in the infrastructure and economic development of the country. The defense personnel who are in the national service and the permanent staff as well are carrying out all the works under this program. It is to be noted that infrastructure created for the last four years of the program helped to improve the economic development of Eritrea in the post war period. The construction of roads, railway, airports, and ports greatly helped movement of people and goods and services for the betterment of the people in the country. The study covers different sectors agriculture, industry, education, health, tourism services etc., of the economy. The study also revealed that the people are happy to see the infrastructure in different areas of rural Eritrea. The study was carried out during the period 2002 to 2005. This study has limitations in that it is confined to the impact of Warsai-Yikeaalo Campaign in the development of Eritrea. However, various other developments under this program have not been discussed in detail. The broader issues of the economics, cultural, and political aspects that related to Eritrean economic development are beyond the scope of the paper.

Warsai-Yikeaalo PrJogram, Eritrea, Economic development, Agriculture, Industry, Tourism, education

Abstract:
Education has long been recognized as a central element in development. The human capital formation is receiving increased attention from policy makers and scholars in different parts of the world particularly in developing countries. Eritrea is a newly born nation in Africa and is striving hard to develop its higher education. An attempt is made in this paper to analyze the sources of finance, the strategies and challenges for higher educational development in the country. Furthermore, the paper also delves the development of higher education in the country since independence. The paper provides some implications for the for the policy purpose to develop higher education so as to curb the use of expatriate manpower in different sectors of the economy.

Higher Education, Economic Development, Unit costs, Eritrea, Africa, Human capital

Abstract:
Education is important in any country since it promotes the knowledge, skills, habits, and values. The learning does not solely come from the teacher. Hence the educator for the child is both the teacher and his peer group. The societal values have been diminishing over the past few decades. Therefore, it is necessary develop the holistic citizenship education. The problem of value education of the young African nation Eritrea is gaining prominence in educational discussions during the recent times. Hence, Eritrea emphasizes values in education and attempted to incorporate its National Curriculum Framework for School Education-2003. An attempt is made in this paper to discuss the Eritrean societal values in fighting for their freedom and it provides some conclusions and implications to develop the value education in Eritrea.

Value Education, Human Development, Eritrea, Teachers and students, Good citizen

Abstract:
All over the world, distance mode of education is gaining a momentum and becoming more popular than conventional education. It is a system in which schools, universities and other educational agencies offer instruction wholly or partly by mail. Eritrea, a newly independent country in Africa has been facing many challenges particularly in its education sector. It does not have sufficient educational institutions at tertiary level, thus, distance learning which is more cost effective, could be an alternative method of higher education for this country. The distance education programme could promote higher education by providing access to large number of urban people and disadvantaged groups in rural and remote areas including working people, fighters, women and other adults. An attempt has been made in this paper to discuss various issues related to the establishment and development of distance education. It also provides the distance education programmes that so far undertaken in Eritrea and highlights the potential for the distance education in the country.

Distance Education, Eritrea, Potential, Ministry of Education, UNISA

Abstract:
Education is an important pillar in the national economic development. It contributes to economic growth in varied forms. The educational system in Eritrea shows all the symptoms of prolonged neglect under colonialism and war. But education plays a key role in the development after independence. This paper discusses educational growth and development in post-independent Eritrea. It also analyses educational finances, and challenges for development in the country and thus provides some implications.

Education, Eritrea, economic growth, human capital, development, production cycles

Abstract:
The role of Eritrean women in thirty years war of independence brought major changes and reflects in the present demography and economy of Eritrea in the development arena. Their participation in the economy contributes to local production and income by filling the gaps left by men who died in the war or who have left the country and settled in different parts of the world. Despite the growing importance of women for the formal economy, jobs and self-employment opportunities available to women are still clustered in low-productivity and/or low-status industries. To cope with the growing number of female-headed households, Eritrea needs to increase the earning potential of women. This paper indicates that providing women with education at secondary or tertiary level is one way to go. This paper deals with, why Eritrean women are entering into the labour markets: one, family ties and control of women is weakened due to absent men and increasing divorce rates. The second, there is a shortage of male breadwinners. The third, growing education levels increase their earning potential.

Eritrea, Women employment, Empowerment, Economic development, education

Abstract:
The efficiency of any education and training system is often judged by how well this system prepares the youth for gainful employment and thus bring a positive social and economic change. The students in Eritrea need to acquire appropriate knowledge and skills as part of their education and training. The paper mainly deals with the areas of education and economic development, education and youth. In addition, it also highlights some of the problems and challenges of education in post-independent Eritrea. The methodology used in this paper is essentially a descriptive analysis of data obtained from secondary sources, mainly government and Ministry of Education documents, survey reports, research articles, books and other published, and unpublished, materials on Eritrea.

Education, Youth, Eritrea, Social change and Development, Human capital

Abstract:
The woman is considered to be a pillar of the society and a model of the unity. Indeed, woman plays a great role at home as well as at work. For example, 45 per cent of the measurable Gross Domestic Income comes from the work of women in the world's richest countries. However, the women are discriminated both at work and at home. Further, they are vulnerable to conflicts, wars and terrorism. The women in Eritrea are fighting for their rights and freedom. This paper explores the role of women in economy and in society. The paper also provides some comparison of Eritrean women with that of other developing countries By way of a summing up, some random thoughts are set out to provoke analysis and debate on the subject.

Women, Empowerment, Economy, Eritrea, NUEW, Freedom struggle

Abstract:
Both India and Eritrea are developing countries. India as a leader of Third world made a huge stride in human resource development and agriculture development where as Eritrea, a young nation still striving hard to develop these areas and thus achieve self reliance. In line with this, Eritrea has been using Indian human resources, as part of its capacity building in education, agricultural and other related areas. An attempt is made in this article to compare Eritrean situation and with some of the Indian experiences and also provide some implications for the policy development in Eritrea. The article ends with some concluding remarks.

Eritrea, India, education and human development, Agriculture, economic growth

Abstract:
Higher education has been viewed as a potential instrument of national economic development. Human resource development in Eritrea is important for making the nation self-reliant thus the efforts are exerted to achieve this objective. However, Eritrea has been facing so many challenges in its way to develop its own human resources. The objective of this paper is to delve the current changes in higher education in the country. An attempt is made to highlight what may be termed as tentative issues and lessons emerging from Eritrean higher education. By way of a summing up, some random thoughts are set out to provoke analysis and debate on the subject.

Higher education, finance, Eritrea, Asmara University, Human resources

Abstract:
The ongoing national reconstruction process of Eritrea is centered on educational reformation. The government of Eritrea placed educational policy on top priority for national development which demands the emergence of new class of trained youth blended with disciplined minds and skills instead of raw graduation. It had established about eight colleges at tertiary level within a short span of time to build human resource required for the present and future. In line with this, it laid down new policies and curricula suit to the immediate national scenario. This article analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of the educational policies, planning and the infrastructure requirements to meet the intended goal. It explored and analyzed Eritrean educational development and its key challenges. It also provided some useful insights for policy development. The data for the study were mainly collected from the reports of Ministry of Education and other colleges in Eritrea. The outcome of the educational reformation is expected to have a profound effect in the development of the country.

Education, Eritrea, Human capital and Economic development, Economic growth, Gender inequality.

Abstract:
Eritrean higher education faced numerous challenges over many years. It was particularly suffered during the colonial periods. Eritrea exerted its efforts to develop its dilapidated educational system with the advent of its independence. Eritrea celebrated its sixteenth birthday recently. However, the educational challenges in higher education still remain high. The government of Eritrea established different colleges in different administrative regions. The University of Asmara is the only university in the country that had to be revitalized after its devastation by the 30-year war of independence. Since independence, the University has been able to contribute to the nation's skill manpower considerably. This paper examines higher education of Eritrea for about 60 years period. It delves the University of Asmara and its birth, development and apogee. The paper also gives some insights on recent educational development in Eritrea.

Higher education, Eritrea, Asmara University, Colonial period, Educational development

Abstract:
All over the world, distance mode of education is gaining a momentum and becoming more popular than conventional education. It is a system in which schools, universities and other educational agencies offer instruction wholly or partly by mail. Eritrea is a newly independent country in Africa is been facing many challenges particularly in its education sector. It did not have more educational institutions at tertiary level. Thus the distance learning is the best option for this country. An attempt is made in this paper to discuss various problems related to the establishment and development of distance education. It also provides the distance education programmes so far undertaken in the country with concluding remarks.

Distance Education, Eritrea, Ministry of Education, Asmara University

Abstract:
Research is an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge and it is a powerful tool for knowledge generation. A newly born nation Eritrea has been facing number of challenges in research and development particularly the challenge of applying knowledge to work in the economy. Whatever solutions the government or the related institutions propose, there is a need to understand the research which plays a central role and can generate new ideas and innovative techniques. The guiding purpose of the research on which this article is based, is to explore the challenges for research and development in Eritrea.

Research Techniques, Eritrea, Research Development, Challenges, Knowledge, Agriculture Research.

Abstract:
Educational investment is an engine of economic development in Eritrea and thus financing education is like a blood to human body; while this is widely accepted, little empirical research has been conducted on the topic. This paper analyses patterns of educational finances in secondary education in Eritrea particularly in the zoba -Maekel. It presents data on selected secondary schools in zoba and other related data tables with the results observed. It also provides the pattern of financing both from public and other related non-governmental organistions. The paper consists of four parts; the first part deals with the introduction, second part explains the cost and financing of education and training in Eritrea, third section provides education expenditure norms and procedures and the final section summarizes the results and concludes.

Educational investment, Human capital, Eritrea, Economic development

Abstract:
The trade ties between Italy and Eritrea is important for both countries. This paper analyzes the extents and characteristics of regional trade relationship between Eritrea and Italy. Attention is given to the regions and products where there is high potential for export and import. Other socioeconomic opportunities, which may give rise to the trade link between the two countries, are also mentioned briefly. The main aim is Eritrea a former Italian colony can be a springboard for Italy to expand its commercial activities to other Italian colony in the horn of Africa. It can be an opener of the market in Italy with all Italian and non-Italian colonies in the horn of Africa.

Bilateral trade, economic integration, colonial trade, import substitution, Agro-Industry

Abstract:
The ongoing national reconstruction process of Eritrea is centered on the educational reformation. The Government of Eritrea has developed educational policy on top priority of national development which demands the emergence of new class of trained youth blended with disciplined mind with skill instead of raw graduation. In this line, it laid down new policies and curricula suit to the immediate national scenario. It had installed about eight colleges at tertiary level within a short span of time to build manpower resource required for present and future. This article analyses the strengths and weakness of the policies, planning and the infrastructure requirements to meet the intended goal. The outcome of the educational reformation is expected to have a profound effect on the development of the Nation. Hence, it becomes curious watch for the educational reformists around the globe.

Education Policy, Eritrea, Human Capital, Economic Development, Gender Inequality

Abstract:
In the 1980s, the focus in economic management in Africa shifted towards macroeconomic stabilization policies. This led to the neglect of sectoral policies and microeconomic reforms, which are critical for industrialization and diversification. In line with this, the African economies continue to sustain the growth momentum for the past few years. However, most African countries’ real growth rates have remained low relative to their development goals. Improved economic management and increases in non-oil commodity prices have more than offset the negative impact of high oil prices on the real GDP of African oil importing economies. African countries also continue to face the challenge of other deadly diseases, especially malaria and HIV/AIDS, remained as the deadly killer diseases in the continent. This paper explores macroeconomic imbalances in the global economy. It delves the recent developments that occurred in the African economy in recent years. It also emphasizes certain diversification policies which are pertinent in the development of African economies.

Macroeconomic imbalances, World Economy, African Economy, Diversification, growth policies, external debt

Abstract:
The aim of this study is to measure the long and short term dynamics of trade with South Africa, impact of Common Monetary Area (CMA) on the Namibian beef price. More specifically, it examines the relationship between monetary change by South African Central Bank Governor (i.e taking exchange rate and interest rate as explanatory variables) and the beef industry a case study to the Namibian economy. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied by using beef price a dependent variable, with a mentioned set of explanatory variables. As the study hypothesized the study has found a significant linkage between monetary shock occurred in South Africa simultaneously affect the beef industry (or the Namibian agriculture sector in general), and also bears the burden of adjustment in the economy, that could increases farmers financial vulnerability. The dynamic relationships of trading between Namibia and South Africa, more specifically the volatile nature of rand and interest rate have influenced consumers to absorb short-run price change. This change could be substantially affecting the poor households. The result has found that Namibian consumers have to absorb the short run price overshooting, which in turn impacts on the ability to manage their cash flow. For example, the result finding shows one percent change in South Africa money supply or appreciation (depreciation) of rand leads to double change in beef price in Namibia. Due to the linkages between monetary policy variables and relative agricultural prices, it is recommended that agricultural policy makers and monetary authorities in CMA need to work closely in designing and implementing monetary policy. This is important because monetary policies meant to stabilize the economy may have less desirable impacts on farmers and consumers, especially in the short run.

beef industry, monetary policy, Namibia, agricultural policy, common monetary area

Abstract:
Quality in Higher Education has become a primary agenda of the countries worldwide. In the context marked by expansion of higher education and globalization of economic activities, education has become a national concern in developing countries with an international dimension. To cope with this changing context, developing countries have been pressurized to ensure and assure quality of higher education at a nationally comparable and internationally acceptable standard. It is generally acknowledged that globalization has created tremendous impacts on higher education in this first decade of twenty-first century. Externally, there have been unprecedented changes both at global and national context. The benefits of globalisation accrue to the countries with highly skilled human capital and it is a curse for the developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Caribbean without such specialised human capital. This paper delves the recent trends of higher education in developing countries. It addresses the various challenges of higher education in the developing countries in the context of 21st century. Besides, the paper examines the response of higher education to globalization in developing countries and discusses the major challenges that the globalization brought to higher education.

Higher education, developing countries, globalization, economic development, human capital, Information and communications technologies

Abstract:
Entrepreneurship has been recognized as a micro driver of innovation and economic growth. What is meant by entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth is often not clear. This paper discusses the nature of entrepreneurship and its relation to innovation and provides an overview of theory on the relation between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth. The paper continues with a study on rural entrepreneurship in Papua New Guinea (PNG) with conceptual, theoretical investigations. PNG is a resource rich nation but failed to develop to its full potential, as well as produce the entrepreneurial class which is usually a necessary prerequisite for economic growth? An attempt is made to explain the mystery behind the backwardness. It outlines the development of PNG in recent years by examining some of the major challenges for the entrepreneurship development. The paper also discusses some of the future prospects for increasing entrepreneurial activities in the country and provides some implications for policy development.

Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Economic Growth, Papua New Guinea

Abstract:
Indian economy has been recording impressive growth rates since 1991. This can be partly attributed to the multi-sector structural reforms aimed at enhancing productivity, efficiency and international competitiveness of the economy. The reforms in the financial sector have been most effective. The main thrust of the financial sector reforms has been the creation of efficient and stable financial institutions and development of the markets, especially the money and government securities market. In addition, fiscal correction was undertaken and reforms in the banking and external sector were also initiated. The reforms have been undertaken gradually with mutual consent and wider debate amongst the participants and in a sequential pattern that is reinforcing to the overall economy. The financial markets have developed and are more integrated after the reforms, and regulatory and supervisory institutions have been set-up. The reforms, though slow paced initially but well synchronized, have begun to yield results. The economy has recorded consistently high growth rates, built substantial foreign exchange reserves, pre-paid some of its external debt and restructured its domestic debt. This article covers the developments in banking, external sector and financial markets.

Indian economy, Capital market, Foreign exchange reserves, Economic growth, banking sector reforms

Abstract:
Recent efforts to forge a consensus on the role developing countries should play in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions have focused attention on climate friendly technologies (CFTs). The effectiveness of technology-based climate strategies will depend critically on the rates at which CFTs diffuse in developing countries. This paper reviews some of the key findings of the economic research on technology diffusion and assesses the implications for climate policy. The paper highlights the main challenges for clean technology. The paper concludes that widespread diffusion of clean technology may take decades, and that diffusion rates in developing and industrialized countries are likely to be quite different. In addition, the literature has implications for a number of strategies for promoting clean technology diffusion in developing and emerging economies of the world.

Clean technology, Climate change, Developing countries, Multinational companies, Globalisation, sustainable development

Abstract:
Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the largest and most populated of all the Pacific Island countries. It is a developing nation with 15 percent of the population engaged in market economy and the remaining 85 per cent of people engaged in the farming. A prudent macroeconomic policy and favourable terms of trade trends has helped Papua New Guinea maintain macroeconomic stability, strong external balances and solid economic growth over the past five years. The country, however, faces difficult development challenges, including weaknesses in governance, infrastructure, human development, the business climate, public financial management, security, and service delivery. Despite of the challenges the PNG economy has been performing better for the last few years. This paper examines the challenges in the economy and explores the prospects that exist for the future development of countries economy. The paper also delves the recent economic trends of PNG.

Papua New Guinea, South Pacific, economy, mining and petroleum industries, budget management

Abstract:
There is no part in the world without violence. The violence has therefore become a dreadful pandemic in the world. The violence hurt both rich and poor countries. There are a number of ways in which economic networks can add to regional conflicts. Regional trade routes may be a means by which conflict goods can escape formal sanction, enabling neighboring states to derive revenue from one state's civil conflict and the resulting establishment of trade restrictions. This paper analyses the various issues that cause the armed conflict and violence. It also provides some examples of the countries that suffer from armed conflict in Africa and other parts of the world.

Violence, civil war, conflict, economic downturn, Africa, peace-building

Abstract:
The song has been playing a pivotal role in present developing societies like Eritrea. Thus the music is considered as the language of a common man. The songs of Eritrea touched all feelings of life of the people and inspired them to advance the nation's construction and reconstruction process. Eritrean life is tinge of different feelings and values such as Love, Agony, Patriotism, Mercy, generosity etc. The songs are however fused Eritreans to unite and to fight against their enemy. The song should blossom and spread the fragrance of people's culture to the generations. An attempt is made in this paper to study the importance of the song and its impact on Eritrean struggle for independence and also the present border conflict situation. It provides a summary analysis of the song its evolution and progress over a long period.

The song, Freedom Struggle, Eritrea, Culture, Conflict, Colonial period

Abstract:
Modern tourism in Eritrea had begun in the second half of nineteenth century with the development of industrialized society in Western Europe and North America. Eritrea has natural resources with an immense amount of cultivated land and fascinating plants all surrounded by the most beautiful and fertile mountains. Most of the explorers surveyed Semhar, Menasae, Bogos and the Barka region was covered with grassland, deciduous green forests along the river bank and sheltering a diversity of wild life. Based on this historical importance and strategic location of Eritrea on the Red Sea coast, an attempt is made in this paper to assess the tourism development in Eritrea pre and post-independence periods. It identifies and assesses the range of issues and problems, which are serving either to help or hinder tourism development. It suggests necessary actions for facilitating the accelerated development of tourism in Eritrea. The article also analyses the countries' tourism development policies and programmes.

Tourism, Development, Problem, Potential, Eritrea, Mountains, Architecture

Abstract:
Education is the corner stone of economic and social development. It plays a significant role in economic development and higher education contributes to human resource development in many ways. Thus investment in higher education can be a key contributor to country's economic growth. The study is based on both the primary as well as on the secondary data. The secondary data are collected from Education India - MHRD, Reports of University Grants Commission, Andhra Pradesh Four Decades of Development, and the reports of the Directorate of Economics and Statistics from 1956-57 to 1998, various Budgetary Reports of Government of Andhra Pradesh. The primary data are collected from a sample of 30 colleges, and these colleges - six private aided and 24 private unaided. The detailed proforma was distributed to all these selected colleges to collect the required data. The paper analyzes financing pattern of higher education in India and sheds a light on the Andhra Pradesh higher education. It provides implications for the policy purposes.

Financing and costs of Higher education, India, Andhra Pradesh, Private education, Economic growth

Abstract:
An attempt is made in this paper to discuss the key issues related to entrepreneurship in the context of its relationship with rural development. The analysis is then broadened to understand the determinants of rural entrepreneurship and the environment conducive to its development. Consequently, the policies that are necessary to make this environment favorable have been discussed in detail. The generic constraints that are faced by rural enterprises have been listed out. The paper also emphasizes the importance of rural enterprise development in Eritrea. The conclusion is that to accelerate economic development in rural areas, it is necessary to promote entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial orientation in rural areas is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and subsequent growth of indigenous companies. This in turn would create jobs and add economic value to a region, and at the same time, it will keep scarce resources within the community.

Entrepreneurship, Rural development, Eritrea, Agriculture, Under-capitalisation

Abstract:
Poverty is one of the serious problems of the world. The problem is more severe in Africa. Eritrea is 16 years old young nation got independence from Ethiopia. The economy of the country was quite good during 1993-97. Later, however, Eritrea has been exposed numerous challenges such as drought, famines, war. As a result, the poverty has become more rampant in the country where more than 66 percent people live below poverty line. Some families live on remittances. The government has taken some poverty alleviation measures, the poverty did not come down due to lack of resources and the poor implementation of the program. An attempt is made in the paper to explore the incidence of poverty. It also provides the details of poverty surveys that are conducted since independence. The paper discusses various challenges of the poverty and provides some policy implications.

Poverty, Eritrea, Drought, Development, Agriculture

Abstract:
The main objective of the study is to examine the impact of agricultural extension in the development of Eritrean agriculture and minimizing the rural poverty in Eritrea. The study focuses on the incidence of poverty, theoretical background of agriculture extension, and some significant factors that could improve the efficiency of agricultural extension. It is evident that most of the poverty alleviation policies in Eritrea are directed towards agriculture in rural areas, as vast human resources in this country are under the plow. To meet the needs of the growing population, this country needs to adopt new techniques/methods for rapid agricultural development. Besides, this study also prescribes some necessary steps to develop agricultural extension in order to increase agricultural production and eventually to minimize the high level of poverty in the country.

Agriculture Extension, Eritrea, Rural Poverty, Productivity, Food Security

Abstract:
Education has long been considered as a corner stone in economic development. The 21st century has brought new challenges and opportunities for higher education. In the wake of the transition from elitist to mass education, universities worldwide are under pressure to enhance access and equity, on the one hand, and to maintain high standards of quality and excellence, on the other. Papua New Guinea is a developing but an emerging economy in the South Pacific strenuously working to improvise its higher education in accordance with global changes. This paper analyse the effect of globalisation on education and also discusses about the impact of globalisation on higher education, regulations, culture etc. This paper presents an overview of globalisation and higher education. It also explores the Papua New Guinean higher education and its challenges. This paper also highlights the significant impacts that globalization has brought to higher education, and suggest why higher education institutions in PNG should make structural changes in response to the globalization

Higher education, globalization, Papua New Guinea, knowledge economy, Research and development