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Abstract:
Useful in courses on entrepreneurship, this note provides material for discussion of the nature of entrepreneurs and the various phenomena of entrepreneurship in the economy. Definitions and clarification of terms are particularly helpful in introductory graduate-level courses.

entrepreneurship, innovation

Abstract:
In 1996, IKEA's $5 billion in revenues made it the world's largest retailer of furniture and home furnishings. This case uses IKEA to analyze how large companies can retain their entrepreneurial roots and innovative capacities through various means, including the management of global networks of alliances, internal systems that encourage innovation, and a strong corporate culture. IKEA has extended its activities as an innovator through its incorporation of the Natural Step framework for assessing the ecological and social sustainability of commercial activity. The case lends itself to class discussions of entrepreneurship and innovation in large firms, environmentally responsible strategies and network ties, leadership, and corporate culture/values.

business and society, corporate social responsibility, cultural conflict, entrepreneurship, environmental issues, innovation management, leadership, diverse protagonist, African-American, nationality

Abstract:
This technical note discusses why information technology (IT) is no longer merely an option but rather a necessity for small and growing entrepreneurial firms. The note covers the trends that force entrepreneurs to consider IT investments early in the lives of their companies. Obstacles to successful planning and implementation are discussed, and guidelines for IT-system design are offered. Sources of information on IT planning and implementation are included. The note can be used with the complementary note "Introduction to Information Technology's Impact on the Competitiveness of Small and Growing Businesses" (UVA-ENT-0028).

entrepreneurial management, entrepreneurship, information systems, new enterprises, small business, technology management, technology strategy, Alternative Business Issue or Setting

Abstract:
This technical note covers the history and development of the organic-farming industry and serves as a good backdrop for any discussion of agriculture or the food industry.

competitive dynamics, new product introduction, emerging industry, entrepreneurship, environmental issues, market analysis, new technology, management of, pollution, social change

Abstract:
The goal of socially responsible investing (SRI) is to provide capital to the companies that are socially and environmentally responsible and to deny capital to the ones that are not. SRI involves integrating personal values and societal concerns with investment decisions so as to promote greater corporate responsibility. This technical note discusses the concept and three key strategies of SRI: screening, shareholder advocacy, and community investment. It also traces recent developments in SRI, from the 1960s to 2003. The note gives students an understanding of the rapid growth and performance of socially and environmentally screened investment funds.

environment, entrepreneurship, investment management, social responsibility, strategy, ethics

Abstract:
This set of cases (see also the A [UVA-E-0172] and B [UVA-E-0173] cases) describes the dilemma of a small Belgian detergent company that, faced with the inability to compete, developed an environmentally friendly detergent and household cleaners. The company then built an environmentally sustainable factory. The cases raise the following questions: Can such companies compete in green markets? Is an environmentally self-contained factory viable or feasible?

sustainable business

Abstract:
This set of cases (see also the A [UVA-E-0172] and B [UVA-E-0173] cases) describes the dilemma of a small Belgian detergent company that, faced with the inability to compete, developed an environmentally friendly detergent and household cleaners. The company then built an environmentally sustainable factory. The cases raise the following questions: Can such companies compete in green markets? Is an environmentally self-contained factory viable or feasible?

sustainable business

Abstract:
A new frontier of innovation exists where economic and population growth collides with natural systems (the environment). This note details the changing character of environmental issues and outlines the opportunities for entrepreneurial thinkers. It provides excellent fodder for discussion of sustainability as an opportunity for corporate innovation.

environment, entrepreneurship, stakeholder management, innovation management, social responsibility, strategic planning

Abstract:
This technical note provides students with information about the rapidly developing wind-power market worldwide. A leader among alternative power sources (i.e., alternatives to fossil fuels), wind power has benefited from advances in design and improved economics that now enable it to compete with coal-generated electricity. Wind power offers an innovative clean-energy source for both industrialized and developing countries.

economic development, emerging industry, entrepreneurship, environmental issues, pollution, technological change, technological innovation

Abstract:
Many managers are unaware of the strategic advantages and cost savings possible through systems analysis as applied to material, energy, and water use in building design and operation. This technical note provides whole-systems strategies for improving resource efficiency in industrial and commercial buildings. Green building, sustainability, environmental concerns, and resource efficiency are among the topics covered. The note explains systems thinking and integrated, multidisciplinary methods that can stimulate innovation in both the equipment (technical) systems that make up facilities and the human (organizational) systems involved in the design-build-operate process. Identifying and using key leverage points and systemic synergies can dramatically increase the performance of buildings and the groups of people who make and run them. In practice, these approaches have saved money, reduced environmental impacts, improved worker health and productivity, attracted new employees, greatly decreased operating costs, and, in some cases, even decreased capital costs while adding little or nothing to initial costs.

environment, entrepreneurship, environmental issues, systems analysis, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
This set of cases (see also the B [UVA-E-0173] and C [UVA-E-0174] cases) describes the dilemma of a small Belgian detergent company that, faced with the inability to compete, developed an environmentally friendly detergent and household cleaners. The company then built an environmentally sustainable factory. The cases raise the following questions: Can such companies compete in green markets? Is an environmentally self-contained factory viable or feasible?

sustainable business

Abstract:
Environmentally preferable, or "green," building uses optimal and innovative design to provide economic, health, environmental, and social benefits. In 1993, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) was formed by a broad range of building-industry stakeholders from the public, private, and nonprofit sectors. It is a committee-based, member-driven, and consensus-focused nonprofit coalition leading a national effort to promote high-performance buildings that are environmentally responsible, profitable, and healthy places to live and work. In 2000, USGBC created the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED(tm)) rating system, which this case explores. This voluntary standard is intended to transform the building market by providing guidelines, certification, and education for green building. LEED is a comprehensive, transparent, and market-driven framework for assessing buildings' environmental performance. Compared with standard practice, green buildings can provide greater economic and social benefits over the life of the structures, reduce or eliminate adverse human health effects, and even contribute to improved air and water quality. Opportunities for reducing both costs and environmental impact include low-disturbance land-use techniques, improved lighting design, high-performance water fixtures, careful selection of materials, energy-efficient appliances and heating and cooling systems, and on-site water treatment and recycling. Less familiar innovations include natural ventilation and cooling without fans and air conditioners, vegetative roofing systems that provide wildlife habitat and reduce storm-water runoff, and constructed wetlands that help preserve water quality while reducing water-treatment costs.

environment, sustainability

Abstract:
This set of cases (see also the A [UVA-E-0172] and C [UVA-E-0174] cases) describes the dilemma of a small Belgian detergent company that, faced with the inability to compete, developed an environmentally friendly detergent and household cleaners. The company then built an environmentally sustainable factory. The cases raise the following questions: Can such companies compete in green markets? Is an environmentally self-contained factory viable or feasible?

sustainable business

Abstract:
This set of cases (see also the A [UVA-E-0172] and C [UVA-E-0174] cases) describes the dilemma of a small Belgian detergent company that, faced with the inability to compete, developed an environmentally friendly detergent and household cleaners. The company then built an environmentally sustainable factory. The cases raise the following questions: Can such companies compete in green markets? Is an environmentally self-contained factory viable or feasible?

sustainable business

Abstract:
The concept of sustainable business is a powerful new perspective on creating value for multiple stakeholders. It links the previously conflicting interests of economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental protection. This technical note describes the historical background that has framed the transition from environmental battles to sustainable business, and adds context to the discussion of sustainable business practices in the note "The Path to Sustainable Business: Environmental Frameworks, Practices, and Related Tools" (UVA-ENT-0033) and other environmental cases.

business and government relations, business and society, corporate social responsibility, environmental issues, government regulation, innovation management, law, regulation, sustainability

Abstract:
This note can be used as an informational background reading on fuel cells, an environmentally attractive alternative technology for power generation and transportation. The note would be useful in courses on innovation, technology, entrepreneurship, environment, energy/power/transportation issues, or sustainable business. It explores fuel-cell technology, including its history, current and potential applications, fuel sources, environmental issues, and manufacturing challenges. The commercialization issues covered include performance requirements, time to market, costs, and other outside driving forces such as fuel-distribution infrastructure, power-generation reliability, and fuel prices. Fuel cells are an electrochemical energy source with the potential to take a significant market share from traditional electrical-power generation and automobile-propulsion technologies. Over the next decade, fuel cells may provide more reliable energy and cleaner air while decreasing dependence on fossil fuels for transportation and stationary applications. The note accompanies a case on fuel cells (UVA-ENT-0018).

competitive dynamics, new product introduction, entrepreneurship, environmental issues, market analysis, new technology, management of, pollution, technological change, technological innovation

Abstract:
Governments around the world have accepted the consensus of the international scientific community that global climate change is occurring. Human activities, particularly fossil-fuel use and certain agricultural practices, have led to higher-than-normal concentrations of certain gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide. These "greenhouse" gases trap heat near the earth and are the cause of climate change. Policy makers have rallied to build an international strategy to limit further greenhouse-gas emissions and manage the impacts of climate change. Global businesses, many of which initially balked at potential economic disruption from changes in the use of fossil fuel and other business practices, have begun to accept the need for change. This technical note explores international, political, and corporate responses to the impacts, risks, and opportunities associated with climate change. This note is the third in a series of three related notes on climate change; see also "The Challenge of Climate Change: Overview" (UVA-ENT-0036) and "The Science of Climate Change" (UVA-ENT-0037).

environment, corporate strategy, sustainability, sustainable growht rate

Abstract:
This case can enhance understanding of emerging markets and innovation around fuel-cell technology, as well as the strategy and management of an entrepreneurial unit inside United Technologies Corporation. The case also examines environmental issues as operating concerns and market opportunities for innovative firms. Fuel cells are a leading clean technology to replace gasoline-combustion engines for transportation, and fuel-cell power plants offer an alternative electricity source to the electrical grid (which is heavily dependent on the burning of coal). The case is intended for use with "Fuel Cell Technology and Market Opportunities" (UVA-ENT-0016).

entrepreneurship, environmental issues, innovation management, new technology, management of, technological change

Abstract:
This case is a follow-up to "Tar Products: AlliedSignal (A)" (UVA-G-0504). At the date of the B case, 13 months have passed since Charles L. Griffith joined Carbon Materials and Technologies. The business has undergone a major transformation that has restored profitability to the division. The task for the student is to determine which factors contributed to this dramatic turnaround. The case explores the role of leadership, fact-based decision making, vision setting, and team formation. It also allows students to discuss how to "lead from the middle." Videotape #8284, "AlliedSignal Tar Products," is designed for use with both cases.

change, management of, decision making, leadership, reorganization, turnaround management, Alternative Business Issue or Setting, diversity issues

Abstract:
This overview is one of three technical notes in a series on global climate change (see also The Science of Climate Change [UVA-ENT-0037] and Government and Corporate Response to Climate [UVA-ENT-0038]). Global climate change is a manifestation of the inadvertent reengineering of earth systems that results from human activities, particularly fossil- fuel combustion and changes in land cover. By 2002, the consensus of thousands of scientists around the world was that human activities are changing earth's atmosphere, temperature, weather, and oceans, with observable and escalating impacts on ecosystems and human welfare. International concern over such impacts as thinning polar ice, rising sea levels, disruptions of biological systems, and increases in severe-weather events has led government and corporate policy makers to make significant changes in legislation and business practices.

environment, corporate strategy, sustainability, sustainable business

Abstract:
The scientific consensus on climate change's origins in human activities has begun to influence international law and corporate policies. This technical note is one of a three-part introductory series on global climate change (see also "The Challenge of Climate Change: Overview" [UVA-ENT-0036] and "Government and Corporate Response to Climate Change" [UVA-ENT-0038]). International concern over global climate change began in the late twentieth century, when scientists saw a correlation among increasing atmospheric concentrations of certain gases, human activities emitting those gases, and an unusual increase in global ambient temperature readings. The scientific community was joined by international policy makers who grew concerned about reports of climate-change impacts, ranging from melting polar icecaps to regional flooding, drought, and extreme-weather events. While a small number of scientists disagree, a significant majority of researchers suggest that prudence requires action to reduce human contributions to atmospheric pollutants that cause the greenhouse effect.

environment, corporate strategy, sustainability, sustainable growht rate

Abstract:
This note explains "The Natural Step" framework, an educational and implementational tool used by corporations to incorporate environmental programs and sustainability principles into strategy and operations. The note provides a short history of The Natural Step organization and a description of the process by which the framework was developed. The four systemic conditions of The Natural Step are presented as principles to guide decision making. Hundreds of companies are now using The Natural Step; the note provides short descriptions of a handful of these companies.

environment, pollution, sustainability, sustainable business

Abstract:
This case describes the process that entrepreneur Paul Farrow went through to establish his kayak company between 1992 and 1996. After being laid off from a more traditional corporate position, Farrow came across an idea that suited his business skills, experience, and values. The case chronicles the steps he took to be the first in the industry to design and produce an inexpensive, high-performance recreational kayak from recycled plastic materials. Key to Walden Paddlers' $1-million sales in 1995 was the company's ability to forge close alliances with key suppliers and customers while keeping fixed costs down by managing a virtual corporation.

environment, start-up, customer relations, entrepreneurial finance, entrepreneurial management, entrepreneurship, small business, supplier relations, alliances

Abstract:
This case describes the process that entrepreneur Paul Farrow went through to establish his kayak company between 1992 and 1996. After being laid off from a more traditional corporate position, Farrow came across an idea that suited his business skills, experience, and values. The case chronicles the steps he took to be the first in the industry to design and produce an inexpensive, high-performance recreational kayak from recycled plastic materials. Key to Walden Paddlers' $1-million sales in 1995 was the company's ability to forge close alliances with key suppliers and customers while keeping fixed costs down by managing a virtual corporation.

environment, start-up, customer relations, entrepreneurial finance, entrepreneurial management, entrepreneurship, small business, supplier relations, alliances

Abstract:
This case engages students in a real decision context: an electric utility evaluates the opportunities in emissions trading. It exposes students to fast-changing markets for pollution credits and to the environmental and economic benefits thereof.

entrepreneurship, government regulation, organizational change, social responsibility, strategy formulation

Abstract:
This is a minicase, one of 10 in a set of short cases written to illustrate the business benefits companies realize through adopting sustainable business strategies. This minicase discusses the formation and implementation of Nike's sustainability strategy in the 1990s through 2006 including changes to product designs and supply chain policies.

entrepreneurship, implementation, sustainability, strategy, environmental, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
Stakeholder climate change actions worldwide have prompted companies to measure their greenhouse gas emissions and reduce their carbon footprints by decreasing energy and fuel use. In the process, they are cutting costs, decreasing exposure to severe weather, reducing energy vulnerability, and potentially opening up revenue sources for carbon credit sales in the emerging markets for carbon trading. This note is effective in MBA, undergraduate, and executive education courses on clean commerce innovation, carbon markets, sustainability, and environmental and regulatory issues. This technical note stands alone and also works as a companion note to "Frito-Lay North America: The Making of a Net-Zero Snack Chip" (UVA-ENT-0112). For instructors, a teaching note is available, along with a supplemental Excel spreadsheet for use in performing carbon emissions calculations.

environment, sustainability, sustainable business

Abstract:
This technical note offers an overview of a major corporate issue for the twenty-first century: toxic chemicals and their impact. The risk of cancer and nervous-system disorders from workplace exposure to certain pesticides and solvents is well documented. Even more troubling are recent discoveries suggesting that certain chemicals may damage human endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems and impede normal physical and intellectual development, even at very low exposure levels. Toxic chemicals--ubiquitous in industrial processes and consumer products--represent both challenges and opportunities for business. One approach is simply to reduce a company's use of chemicals identified as problematic for human and ecosystem health. A second approach, called cradle-to-cradle (McDonough and Braungart, 2002), recommends that hazardous materials be designed out of products or recaptured in closed-loop cycles to be used again. Companies that move from a reactive stance to the redesign of their products and operations not only reduce the risk of liability, but also differentiate their products and brands for competitive advantage.

environment, entrepreneurship, government regulation, innovation management, sustainability

Abstract:
This technical note offers an overview of a major corporate issue for the twenty-first century: toxic chemicals and their impact. The risk of cancer and nervous-system disorders from workplace exposure to certain pesticides and solvents is well documented. Even more troubling are recent discoveries suggesting that certain chemicals may damage human endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems and impede normal physical and intellectual development, even at very low exposure levels. Toxic chemicals--ubiquitous in industrial processes and consumer products--represent both challenges and opportunities for business. One approach is simply to reduce a company's use of chemicals identified as problematic for human and ecosystem health. A second approach, called cradle-to-cradle (McDonough and Braungart, 2002), recommends that hazardous materials be designed out of products or recaptured in closed-loop cycles to be used again. Companies that move from a reactive stance to the redesign of their products and operations not only reduce the risk of liability, but also differentiate their products and brands for competitive advantage.

environment, entrepreneurship, government regulation, innovation management, sustainability

Abstract:
A new frontier of innovation exists where economic and population growth collides with natural systems (the environment). This note details the changing character of environmental issues and outlines the opportunities for entrepreneurial thinkers. It provides excellent fodder for discussion of sustainability as an opportunity for corporate innovation.

environment, entrepreneurship, stakeholder management, innovation management, social responsibility, strategic planning

Abstract:
With Method standing at number seven on Inc. magazine's list of the 500 fastest-growing companies in 2006, cofounder Adam Lowry is searching for a biodegradable cleaning cloth to expand Method's line of "green" household products. Sustainable design principles have been a guiding force in Method's strategy, and being biofriendly is critical. So is sourcing in the United States. But only China can manufacture the corn-based cloth Lowry has in mind, and there is no way to certify that the product is free of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Lowry has to balance his firm's fundamental commitment to environmental sustainability against the fact that some retailers refuse to carry products containing GMOs.

entrepreneurship, strategy, innovation

Abstract:
This case details leading carpet manufacturer Shaw Industries' strategic decision to develop a fully recyclable floor covering. It explores drivers of change toward sustainably designed products, providing students with insights into sustainable business innovation and green chemistry product design. Shaw's Ecoworx carpet tile with a PVC-free tile backing is a high-performance substitute material that can be perpetually recycled into new product of equivalent quality and value, making it a "cradle-to-cradle" innovation.

environment, corporate transformation, environmental, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
This case discusses the impact of corporate leadership on the financial turnaround efforts of a division of a large corporation. At the date of the case, Charles L. Griffith, new general manager and vice president of Tar Products, is about to meet with his predecessor's leadership team for the first time. Given the history of this failing business, the tasks for the student are to decide what Griffith should say at this critical meeting and how he should deal with three urgent issues facing the division. Analysis of the case reveals a business faced with a declining industry and serious environmental and morale issues. The case provides a framework for discussing how middle management can effect change by "leading from the middle" and what factors contribute to a significant business transformation. This case should be taught with "Carbon Materials and Technologies: AlliedSignal (B)," G-0505. Videotape #8284, "AlliedSignal Tar Products," is designed for use with both cases (see Videotape Bibliography).

change, management of, decision making, leadership, reorganization, turnaround management, Alternative Business Issue or Setting, environmental

Abstract:
This minicase is one of 10 in a set of short cases written to illustrate the business benefits companies realize through adopting sustainable business strategies. This case describes the supply chain management and internal changes by Swiss firm Rohner, a commercial fabric manufacturer, as it transformed its strategy from conventional production to benign fabric based on the application of cradle-to-cradle design. The case illustrates the way firms can turn sustainability ideas into growth and differentiation opportunities.

environment, sustainability, innovation

Abstract:
This is a minicase, one of 10 in a set of short cases written to illustrate the business benefits companies realize through adopting sustainable business strategies. This minicase documents the technology and systems innovations behind Shaw's successful introduction of closed loop recyclable carpet tiles (EcoWorx), a disruptive innovation in the flooring industry.

entrepreneurship, implementation, sustainability, strategy, environmental, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
This is a minicase, one of 10 in a set of short cases written to illustrate the business benefits companies realize through adopting sustainable business strategies. This minicase describes the creative and innovative ways sustainability goals were integrated into a development project called Northstar Tahoe, creating a model for real estate and ski resort design to protect community and environmental interests while contributing to the company's business success and brand recognition.

entrepreneurship, implementation, strategy, environmental, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
Implementing a sustainability strategy requires firms to consider economic, strategic, environmental, and community perspectives. Suitable for MBA, undergraduate, and executive learners, this sustainability case covers innovation, intrapreneurship, and strategy. An Excel carbon footprint analysis exercise (UVA-S-ENT-0112) accompanies the case; a technical note entitled, "Corporate Greenhouse Accounting: Carbon Footprint Analysis" (UVA-ENT-0113) is an effective complement. Frito-Lay’s Arizona facility pilots a program to take its snack chip manufacturing off the grid. Decision makers discuss operating, financial, marketing, and corporate strategy as the facility calculates its carbon footprint, converts to non-fossil-fuel energy sources, and stops relying on the scarce local water supply.

entrepreneurship, strategy

Abstract:
This minicase is one of 10 in a series written to illustrate the business benefits companies realize through adopting sustainable business strategies. Method is a successful startup firm in San Francisco that has made sustainable design principles a guiding force its strategy. Unlike other firms, however, Method sells its products on performance, price, and aesthetics; health and environment are simply built into the design from the outset. Backed by venture capital and successful selling through Target nationwide, Method offers a model of what may ultimately become standard practice and strategy.

entrepreneurship, implementation, strategy formulation, sustainability, environmental, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
This is a minicase, one of 10 in a set of short cases written to illustrate the business benefits companies realize through adopting sustainable business strategies. This minicase describes Bank of America's new headquarters building in New York City focusing on the "green" or sustainable design features used and anticipated economic and community benefits.

entrepreneurship, implementation, sustainability, strategy, environmental, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
This is a minicase, one of 10 in a set of short cases written to illustrate the business benefits companies realize through adopting sustainable business strategies. This minicase discusses AT&T's adoption of telework before it was commonly done as an example of implementing sustainable business practices.

entrepreneurship, implementation, sustainability, strategy, environmental, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
This technical note forms the basis of a discussion on the economic value added of green chemistry principles. Students can learn how to increase NOPAT by increasing sales; increase NOPAT by decreasing operating expenses; reduce WACC, driving down risk by decreasing risk perceived by capital providers; and reduce invested capital. A grid showing green chemistry principals and how adhering to each might affect the bottom line provides an excellent context in which to discuss business strategies.

finance, introduction, net present value, sustainability, economic value added, environmental

Abstract:
Shaw Industries, a leading U.S. global manufacturer of floor coverings produced EcoWorx technology to create a carpet tile that is PVC-free and able to be recycled, upon return to the company, as a carpet tile of equal quality and performance. A Green Chemistry innovation, the company has created a sustainable business innovation that cut costs, improves revenues, positively influences health and the environment, improves the brand, and enhances Shaw's strategic positioning going forward.

environmental, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
Although breast milk is recognized by doctors, public health officials, and scientists as the best first food for an infant, it is not pure. Many synthetic chemicals released into the environment, intentionally or not, can be found in breast milk. Chemicals such as famous â¬Sbad actorsâ¬? like dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as well as less well-known substances such as flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers, or PBDEs), have been detected in human breast milk around the world. Many of those synthetic chemicals are known or suspected causes of cancer, and they have been linked to other health problems such as diabetes, reproductive disorders, and impaired brain development. The health benefits of breastfeeding far outweigh the possible negative effects of chemical contaminants in breast milk, but the presence of those chemicals remains a cause for concern among health officials, individuals, and the companies whose products or manufacturing process release toxins into our environment.

entrepreneurship, health-care management, innovation

Abstract:
This is a minicase, one of 10 in a set of short cases written to illustrate the business benefits companies realize through adopting sustainable business strategies. The Coastwide Labs minicase traces the development of a successful sustainability strategy implemented by an industrial and commercial cleaning products company.

entrepreneurship, implementation, sustainability, strategy, environmental, sustainable business, innovation

Abstract:
The process of identifying more efficient, less costly, and more environmentally friendly ways to build a facility is complicated, especially for a company such as Hermes, a (fictitious) microchip company that uses special "clean rooms" in manufacturing. This case presents opportunities for stakeholder analysis, a discussion of strategic thinking, and an exploration of the complex issues involved in "greening" a physical plant.

leadership, organizational change

Abstract:
Investigates network dyads and the manner in which control is exercised in these structures. Four entrepreneurial, high growth firms, each from a different industry, were selected to participate in this ethnographic analysis. The represented industries are telephone equipment, clothing, computer hardware, and environmental support systems. Seven network dyads were identified for the four firms considered. The partnerships were typically other members of the value chain - e.g., suppliers, distributors and final customers. The analysis identified three phases for the network dyad development: preconditions for exchange, conditions to build, and integration and control. The first phase, preconditions, utilized prior relations in addition to personal and firm reputations to reduce uncertainty and establish expectations and obligation. The second phase, the building process, has significant reliance on the trust and the development of reciprocity norms. The third phase is marked by three forms of integration: operational, strategic, and social control. Examination of the four firms and their seven dyadic relationships support the model. These firms were found to be engaged in stable, sustained relationships with a high degree of cooperation and collaboration. The mode of exchange found in these dyadic relationships is characterized as a network form of governance, which appears to be beneficial to high growth firms. Further research using this model could be done for R&D partnerships, cooperative marketing agreements, and other forms of strategic alliances and joint ventures. (SRD)

Network structures, Exchange governance, Organizational structures, Firm control, Interfirm alliances, Trust relationships, Firm integration, Cooperation, Social networks, Alliance formation, Value chains