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Convergence in the United States: A Tale of Migration and UrbanizationRiccardo DiCecioFederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - Research Division Charles S. GasconFederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis January 2008 FRB of St. Louis Working Paper Series No. 2008-002A Abstract: We use non-parametric distribution dynamics techniques to reassess the convergence of per capita personal income (PCPI) across U.S. states and across metropolitan and nonmetropolitan portions of states for the period 1969-2005. The long-run distribution of PCPI is bimodal for both states and metro/nonmetro portions. Furthermore, the high income mode of the distribution across metro and nonmetro portions corresponds to the single mode of the long-run distribution across metro portions only. These results (polarization or club-convergence) are reversed when weighting by population. The long run distributions across people are consistent with convergence. Migration and urbanization are the forces behind convergence.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 20 Keywords: convergence, migration, urbanization JEL Classification: O51, R11, R23 working papers seriesDate posted: January 10, 2008Suggested CitationContact Information
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