Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Abstract:     
Approximately three percent of all children are born with an observable genetic abnormality. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis ("PGD") is a process by which embryos are created via in vitro fertilization and are then genetically screened to select for or against certain inheritable traits. Only those embryos with the desired genetic makeup are implanted. The vast majority of couples use PGD to select against genetic disorders; however, some couples use PGD to select for genetic disorders. While the thought of intentionally subjecting one's child to a deleterious condition may seem unimaginable, couples who use PGD to select embryos carrying a disorder displayed by the parents justify their actions by their desire to have children who are like them.

PGD, both in selecting for and against congenital disorders, has been controversial because of the ethical, religious, social and political issues involved. This paper will provide background information on the scientific methods used to perform PGD, followed by a discussion of the inheritance patterns and symptoms of a variety of common genetic disorders. The author will also discuss the social ramifications of having some of the aforementioned medical conditions. Lastly, with the physical and social consequences of various genetic disorders in mind, the author will conclude with a discussion of the ethical, legal and religious issues surrounding PGD and its use in selecting for and against genetic diseases.

Keywords: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, mutation, congenital, defect, genetic, screening, achondroplasia, X-linked, dominant, recessive, fertility, embryo

JEL Classifications: I10, I12, I18

Working Paper Series