The Role of Charity in a Federal System
William & Mary Law Review, Vol. 53, No. 3, 2012
FSU College of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 394
FSU College of Law, Law, Business & Economics Paper No. 09-25
Boston College Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 268
89 Pages Posted: 15 Sep 2009 Last revised: 12 Jun 2012
Date Written: March 2, 2011
Abstract
This Article critiques the prevailing justification for subsidies for the charitable sector, and suggests a new alternative. According to contemporary accounts, charity corrects the failure of the private market to provide public goods, and further corrects the failure of government to provide goods other than those demanded by the median voter.
However, the claim that government can meet the needs only of a single “median voter” neglects both federalism and public choice theory. Citizens dissatisfied with the services of one government can move to or even create another. Alternatively, they may use the threat of exit to lobby for local change. Subsidies for charity inefficiently distort the operation of these markets for legal rules.
Nonetheless, there remains a strong case for subsidizing charity, albeit on grounds new to the literature. Charity serves as gap-filler when federalism mechanisms break down. For example, frictions on exit produce too little jurisdictional competition, and excessively easy exit produces too much competition - a race to the bottom. At the same time, competition from government constrains inefficient charities. Thus, charity and government each perform best as complements to the other.
Finally, this Article sketches the normative legal consequences of these claims. Most significantly, I respond to the claims by Malani and Posner that for-profit charity would be superior to current arrangements. That suggestion would fatally weaken competition between charity and government, defeating the only persuasive purpose for charitable subsidies.
Keywords: charity, charitable contribution deduction, section 170, 501(c)(3), for-profit charity, federalism, warm glow, civil society, privatization
JEL Classification: D23, D64, D71, H11, H23, K34, L3
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation