Testing the Master Tools

Abstract:     
This piece is a reply to two responses to The River Runs Dry: When Title VI Trumps State Anti-Affirmative Action Laws 157 U. PA. L. REV. 1075 (2009): Guy-Uriel E. Charles, Response, Do We Care Enough About Racial Inequality? Reflections on The River Runs Dry, 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. PENNumbra 119 (2009), and Girardeau A. Spann, Response, Doctrinal Dilemma, 158 U. PA. L. REV. PENNUMBRA 129 (2009).

Number of Pages in PDF File: 13

Keywords: antidiscrimination, equal protection, disparate impact, Title VI, standardized tests, test deficiency, Ricci v. DeStefano, civil rights, anti-affirmative action laws, strong-basis-in-evidence standard

Accepted Paper Series