From Monasteries to Multinationals (and Back): A Historical Review of the Beer Economy

Abstract:     
This article reviews beer production, consumption and the industrial organization of breweries throughout history. Monasteries were the centers of the beer economy in the early Middle Ages. Innovation and increased demand later induced the growth of commercial breweries. Globalization and scientific discoveries transformed the beer industry and increased competition from the 16th through the 19th century. The 20th century was characterized by dramatic (domestic and international) consolidation, major shifts in consumption patterns, and the re-emergence of small breweries.

Number of Pages in PDF File: 25

Keywords: economic history, history of beer, monasteries, innovation and taxation in brewing, modern brewing, consolidation and globalization

JEL Classification: N30, N40, L23, L66

working papers series