Creative Accounting: Some Ethical Issues of Macro- and Micro-Manipulation

Abstract

This paper examines two principal categories of manipulative behaviour. The term 'macro-manipulation' is used to describe the lobbying of regulators to persuade them to produce regulation that is more favourable to the interests of preparers. 'Micro-manipulation' describes the management of accounting figures to produce a biased view at the entity level. Both categories of manipulation can be viewed as attempts at creativity by financial statement preparers.

The paper analyses two cases of manipulation which are considered in an ethical context. The paper concludes that the manipulations described in it can be regarded as morally reprehensible. They are not fair to users, they involve an unjust exercise of power, and they tend to weaken the authority of accounting regulators.

Keywords: Accounting ethics, accounting regulation, creative accounting, earnings management, financial reporting, macro-manipulation, micro-manipulation

JEL Classification: M41, M43