Globalization and the Challenge for Developing Countries
46 Pages Posted: 20 Apr 2016
Date Written: June 2001
Abstract
Globalization is not a panacea. It can increase many countries' susceptibility to shocks and can subject states to checks and disciplines that circumscribe sovereignty. But reversing globalization, were it possible, would be an enormous setback. And embracing globalization piecemeal, while keeping a plethora of regulations in place, would be highly inefficient.
Research on the sources of growth shows several factors to be relevant to all countries, rich or poor. Whether developing countries can substantially raise per capita incomes depends on policies that address these variables: Labor, human capital, capital investment in research and development, technological progress, and the increase in total factor productivity arising from scale economies, the effects of agglomeration, externalities, and institutions that secure rights and minimize transaction costs.
Yusuf argues that a comprehensive approach to globalization, managed and abetted by good policies, can magnify the effects of growth-promoting measures. Among his observations:
Returns from investment in skills are much greater in a more technologically advanced and integrated economy.
Trade, by enlarging markets, reinforces those gains, and the option to migrate further augments the value of skills. The growing worldwide gap in income between skilled and unskilled workers suggests how much more fruitful skills are under globalization.
A 50 percent increase (or even a doubling) in growth rates demands a vast amount of capital, embodying modern technology and the knowledge needed to put it to its best use. The international economy can be a source of such capital.
Openness, combined with spatially neutral domestic policies and the scaling back of regulatory constraints on domestic business activities, can unleash the full force of agglomeration economies and networking externalities, allowing industrial clusters to emerge in metropolitan regions.
Openness is also the best way for low-income countries to tap into technologies that will galvanize agriculture (low-income countries' economic center) and manufacturing activities and nourish indigenous technological advance.
No research convincingly makes the case for delaying openness or for sequencing the various elements of openness. A good case can be made for embracing all the key elements of globalization at the same time - while sequencing (where needed) the pace of integration in such areas as trade and finance.
This paper is a product of the Development Research Group.
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
Do you have negative results from your research you’d like to share?
Recommended Papers
-
Benefits and Costs of International Financial Integration: Theory and Facts
-
Volatility and the Welfare Costs of Financial Market Integration
-
Foreign Bank Entry, Performance of Domestic Banks, and Sequence of Financial Liberalization
By Nihal Bayraktar and Yan Wang
-
An Overview of International Finance: Law and Regulation
By Hal S. Scott
-
Risks, Rules, and Institutions: A Process for Reforming Financial Regulation
By Saule T. Omarova and Adam Feibelman
-
The Determinants of International Financial Integration
By Xuan Vinh Vo
-
The Global Financial Crisis and the Future of Financial Regulation in Hong Kong
By Douglas W. Arner, Berry Fong Chung Hsu, ...
-
Situating Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Capital Markets within the Emerging Market's Universe