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Beyond Formalism in Foreign Affairs: A Functional Approach to the Alien Tort Statute

Julian Ku
Hofstra University - School of Law

John Yoo
University of California at Berkeley School of Law



Supreme Court Review, p. 153, 2004
Hofstra Univ. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 04-26
UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 652141

Abstract:     
This paper discusses the functional ability of federal courts to incorporate customary international law (CIL) through the vehicle of the Alien Tort Statute. In last Term's Sosa v. Alvarez Machain, the Supreme Court concluded that the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) is merely a jurisdictional statute, but also refused to stop the lower courts from allowing aliens to seek damages in federal court for certain international law violations.

We use the Court's under-theorized conclusion as an opportunity to move beyond largely inconclusive formalist debates about the ATS's text, structure, and history. Instead, we conduct a comparative institutional analysis of the role of the courts and the executive in foreign affairs. This functional approach suggests that the executive branch can more effectively achieve the purpose behind the ATS. Critics of this approach have argued that a jurisdictional approach to the ATS would disrupt American foreign relations by allowing the states, rather than a single federal judiciary, to make and enforce CIL. The Court's recent decisions, however, address this concern by permitting presidential declarations of international policy to preempt state law. Thus, CIL could continue as part of the common law of the states enforceable in state court or through diversity jurisdiction in federal court subject to federal preemption by the President.

Keywords: Customary international law, international law, alien tort statute, federal courts, President, separation of powers

JEL Classifications: K33

Accepted Paper Series

Date posted: January 23, 2005 ; Last revised: March 04, 2006

Suggested Citation

Ku, Julian G. and Yoo, John Choon, Beyond Formalism in Foreign Affairs: A Functional Approach to the Alien Tort Statute. Supreme Court Review, p. 153, 2004; Hofstra Univ. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 04-26; UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 652141. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=652141


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Contact Information

Julian G. Ku (Contact Author)
Hofstra University - School of Law ( email )
121 Hofstra University
Hempstead, NY 11549
United States
516-463-4237 (Phone)
516-463-6264 (Fax)

Hofstra University Logo

John Choon Yoo
University of California at Berkeley School of Law ( email )
Boalt Hall
890 Simon
Berkeley, CA 94720-7200
United States
510-643-5089 (Phone)
510-643-2673 (Fax)
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