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Association between Parental Education, Parental Occupation Status and Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Dysregulation in Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
28 Pages Posted: 21 Dec 2023
More...Abstract
BackgroundLow childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) may be associated with long-term health effects in adulthood. We aimed to synthetise current evidence on the associations between parental education and parental occupational and adult cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers.MethodsA systematic review and a meta-analysis were performed. EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Global Health, and Maternity and Infant Care databases were searched for relevant studies between 1980-2022. Studies assessing the association between Childhood SEP and cardiometabolic, inflammatory biomarkers, or allostatic load were included. Study selection and assessment of quality were conducted by two independent reviewers. A meta-analysis was undertaken extracting summary data from exposures, outcomes, and research design using random-effects models and sub-group heterogeneity analysis. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017084243).FindingsThirty-eight studies evaluating the associations of 10 biomarkers in 388,674 individuals aged 18+ (193,052 females and 195,622 males) were included. Twelve studies (24 cohorts and 14 cross-sectional studies). We ended up with a sample mainly focusing on high-income countries. The results of pooled SMD, likelihood ratio of biomarkers were for CRP (0.11 mg/dl; 95% CI, -0.02 to 0.24, I2 80%), IL-6 (0.07 pg./mL; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.22, I2 62%), BMI (0.37 kg/m2; 95% CI, -0.02 to 0.76, I2 83%), waist circumference (0.27 cm; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.50, I2 75%), total cholesterol (0.19 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.02 to 0.39, I2 78%), LDL (0.17 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.41, I2 85%), and allostatic load (0.45, 95% CI, 0.37-0.53) were associated with parental education, while no association was found with HDL and triglyceride levels. Parental education was linked to elevated SBP but not DBP.Interpretation. We found weak effects of parental education and parental occupation on inflammatory markers in adulthood and imprecise but consistent effects on cardiometabolic markers. Future validation and attention should explore how the effects vary with different childhood SEP measures and how they differ in sub-populations (by sex, race, and ethnic groups) and across countries.
Keywords: childhood socioeconomic position, inflammation, biomarkers, disease mechanisms
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