Governance Indicators: Where are We, Where Should We Be Going?

45 Pages Posted: 20 Apr 2016

See all articles by Daniel Kaufmann

Daniel Kaufmann

Results for Development; The University of the Philippines Diliman; The Brookings Institution

Aart Kraay

World Bank - Development Research Group (DECRG)

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Date Written: October 1, 2007

Abstract

Scholars, policymakers, aid donors, and aid recipients acknowledge the importance of good governance for development. This understanding has spurred an intense interest in more refined, nuanced, and policy-relevant indicators of governance. In this paper we review progress to date in the area of measuring governance, using a simple framework of analysis focusing on two key questions: (i) what do we measure? and, (ii) whose views do we rely on? For the former question, we distinguish between indicators measuring formal laws or rules 'on the books', and indicators that measure the practical application or outcomes of these rules 'on the ground', calling attention to the strengths and weaknesses of both types of indicators as well as the complementarities between them. For the latter question, we distinguish between experts and survey respondents on whose views governance assessments are based, again highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and complementarities. We also review the merits of aggregate as opposed to individual governance indicators. We conclude with some simple principles to guide the refinement of existing governance indicators and the development of future indicators. We emphasize the need to: transparently disclose and account for the margins of error in all indicators; draw from a diversity of indicators and exploit complementarities among them; submit all indicators to rigorous public and academic scrutiny; and, in light of the lessons of over a decade of existing indicators, to be realistic in the expectations of future indicators.

Keywords: Governance Indicators, National Governance, Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures, Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance, Banks & Banking Reform

Suggested Citation

Kaufmann, Daniel and Kraay, Aart, Governance Indicators: Where are We, Where Should We Be Going? (October 1, 2007). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4370, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1019685

Daniel Kaufmann (Contact Author)

Results for Development ( email )

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The University of the Philippines Diliman ( email )

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The Brookings Institution ( email )

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Aart Kraay

World Bank - Development Research Group (DECRG) ( email )

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