The Birth of Rule 144A Equity Offerings
41 Pages Posted: 13 Mar 2008 Last revised: 27 Nov 2008
Date Written: November 25, 2008
Abstract
In a groundbreaking deal closed in May 2007, Oaktree Capital Management LLC, a leading private U.S. hedge fund advisory firm, sold a 15 percent equity stake in itself for $880 million. The deal is groundbreaking because it was not structured as an initial public offering (IPO), traditionally the only option for an equity offering of this size by a private company. Instead, it was structured as a private placement under Rule 144A of the Securities Act of 1933, which enables a company to market and sell securities through an underwriter to institutional investors without registering the offering with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Oaktree's novel use of Rule 144A was driven by two factors. First, passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 made it much more expensive to be a public company, thereby decreasing the attractiveness of an IPO. Second, the emergence of a centralized trading market for Rule 144A equity securities improved their liquidity, thus increasing the attractiveness of a Rule 144A equity offering. Consequently, for some firms the value of pursuing a Rule 144A equity offering exceeded the value of pursuing an IPO. The purpose of this Article is to explore this development. Specifically, this Article analyzes the legal framework of Rule 144A and details the burgeoning Rule 144A trading market. It then compares the costs and benefits of an IPO to those of a Rule 144A equity offering and theorizes about a firm's calculus for choosing one structure over the other. Finally, this Article argues that Rule 144A equity offerings are firmly grounded in public policy and thus recommends regulatory reforms to improve their viability.
Keywords: Rule 144A, IPO, private placement, GSTrUE, PORTAL, Oaktree, Apollo
JEL Classification: K22
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
Do you have negative results from your research you’d like to share?
Recommended Papers
-
Unchecked Intermediaries: Price Manipulation in an Emerging Stock Market
By Atif R. Mian and Asim Ijaz Khwaja
-
Market Manipulation: A Comprehensive Study of Stock Pools
By Guolin Jiang, Paul G. Mahoney, ...
-
Market Manipulation: A Comprehensive Study of Stock Pools
By Guolin Jiang, Paul G. Mahoney, ...
-
Market Manipulation: A Comprehensive Study of Stock Pools
By Guolin Jiang, Paul G. Mahoney, ...
-
By Chunsheng Zhou and Jianping Mei
-
Large Investors, Price Manipulation, and Limits to Arbitrage: An Anatomy of Market Corners
By Franklin Allen, Lubomir P. Litov, ...
-
Large Investors, Price Manipulation, and Limits to Arbitrage: An Anatomy of Market Corners
By Franklin Allen, Lubomir P. Litov, ...