A Neo-Chicago Approach to Concerted Action

28 Pages Posted: 10 Mar 2011 Last revised: 13 Mar 2013

See all articles by William H. Page

William H. Page

University of Florida Levin College of Law

Date Written: August 10, 2011

Abstract

In this article, I offer an approach to concerted action that builds on traditional Chicago School analyses of the issue, but adds a focus on the role of communication. Chicago scholars uniformly identify cartels as the primary target of antitrust enforcement. They have also established much of the framework within which courts and economists analyze concerted action. George Stigler’s seminal theory of oligopoly, which sought to identify the determinants of effective collusion, has spawned an enormous literature in game theory that models the pricing behavior of oligopolists. Richard Posner’s early analysis of tacit collusion - rivals’ coordination of noncompetitive pricing without express communication - extended Stigler’s analysis to the domain of law and policy. His approach to oligopoly pricing drew on economic theory and evidence both to define tacit collusion as concerted action and to identify structural and behavioral characteristics of markets that suggested its presence.

I argue that Posner’s approach, refocused on the role of communication, provides the most promising way forward in the analysis of concerted action. After recounting the history of the Chicago School’s analysis of concerted action, I propose a modified definition of concerted action and suggest how the change might affect the search for instances of concerted action. I argue that Section 1 does not reach tacit collusion, but neither does it require a verbal agreement; instead, actions are concerted if rivals coordinate them in part by communicating their intentions. I argue that this focus on communicative concerted action, despite its departure from Posner’s legal position, is consistent with the Chicago tradition, particularly error cost analysis. Its neo-Chicago character lies in its reliance on the most recent economic literature on the role of communication in collusion. In the last part of the article, I examine a small but important subset of that literature: studies of how real-world cartels use communication and facilitating practices to achieve their aims. Based on these studies, I suggest how plaintiffs and enforcement agencies might discover concerted action by examining changing patterns in the use of facilitating practices.

Keywords: Cartel, Chicago School, concerted action, antitrust, communication

JEL Classification: C72, D21, L13, L41

Suggested Citation

Page, William Hepburn, A Neo-Chicago Approach to Concerted Action (August 10, 2011). University of Florida Levin College of Law Research Paper No. 2011-07, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1782896 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1782896

William Hepburn Page (Contact Author)

University of Florida Levin College of Law ( email )

P.O. Box 117625
Gainesville, FL 32611-7625
United States

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