Contract Consideration and Behavior

47 Pages Posted: 22 Feb 2015 Last revised: 25 May 2017

See all articles by David A. Hoffman

David A. Hoffman

University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School

Zev J. Eigen

Syndio Solutions

Date Written: 2017

Abstract

Contract recitals are ubiquitous. Yet, we have a thin understanding of how individuals behave with respect to these doctrinally important relics. Most jurists follow Lon Fuller in concluding that when read, contract recitals accomplish their purpose: to caution against inconsiderate contractual obligation. Notwithstanding the foundational role that this assumption has played in doctrinal and theoretical debates, it has not been tested. This Article offers what we believe to be the first experimental evidence of the effects of formal recitals of contract obligation — and, importantly too, disclaimers of contractual obligation — on individual behavior. In a series of online experiments, we found that participants were less likely to back out of an agreement, forgoing personal gain, when they were endowed with a small extra sum of money at the time of contracting, and when they acknowledged that they were not forming a contract. They were more likely to back out of their original commitment when their agreeing was accompanied by a recital of consideration, and in a control condition in which the natural consideration of bargained-for exchange prevailed. Younger, male respondents were generally more likely to back out of their agreements across all conditions than were women and older participants. The reported experimental results suggest both the descriptive weakness of theorized accounts of private control over contract enforceability and the general value of experimental work about contracting behavior.

Keywords: consideration, recitals, nominal consideration, endowment, contract, reciprocity, formalities, Fuller, cautionary

JEL Classification: K12

Suggested Citation

Hoffman, David A. and Eigen, Zev J., Contract Consideration and Behavior (2017). George Washington Law Review, Vol. 85, p. 351, 2017, Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2015-11, Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 15-21, U of Penn, Inst for Law & Econ Research Paper No. 17-16, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2567830 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2567830

David A. Hoffman (Contact Author)

University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School ( email )

3501 Sansom Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
United States

Zev J. Eigen

Syndio Solutions ( email )

255 S. King St
9th Floor
Seattle, WA 98104
United States

HOME PAGE: http://www.synd.io

Do you have negative results from your research you’d like to share?

Paper statistics

Downloads
360
Abstract Views
3,753
Rank
152,173
PlumX Metrics