Due Process Abroad

77 Pages Posted: 21 Feb 2017 Last revised: 13 Jan 2018

See all articles by Nathan S. Chapman

Nathan S. Chapman

University of Georgia School of Law

Date Written: February 20, 2017

Abstract

Defining the scope of the Constitution’s application outside U.S. territory is more important than ever. This month the Supreme Court will hear oral argument about whether the Constitution applies when a U.S. officer shoots a Mexican child across the border. Meanwhile the federal courts are scrambling to evaluate the constitutionality of an Executive Order that, among other things, deprives immigrants of their right to reenter the United States. Yet the extraterritorial reach of the Due Process Clause — the broadest constitutional limit on the government’s authority to deprive persons of “life, liberty, and property” — remains obscure.

Up to now, scholars have uniformly concluded that the founding generation did not understand due process to apply abroad, at least not to aliens. This Article challenges that consensus. Based on the English historical background, constitutional structure, and the early practice of federal law enforcement on the high seas, this Article argues that the founding generation understood due process to apply to any exercise of federal law enforcement, criminal or civil, against any person, anywhere in the world. Outside the context of war, no one believed that a federal officer could deprive a suspect of life, liberty, or property without due process of law — even if the capture occurred abroad or the suspect was a non-citizen.

This history has important implications. It strongly supports the extension of due process to federal criminal and civil law enforcement, regardless the suspect’s location or citizenship. This principle has immediate implications for cross-border shootings, officially sponsored kidnappings and detentions abroad, the suspension of immigration benefits, and the acquisition of foreign evidence for criminal defendants.

Keywords: constitutional law, due process, extraterritoriality, international, abroad, extraterritorial law enforcement, constitutional rights, Due Process Clause, Alien Friend Act

JEL Classification: K10, K33

Suggested Citation

Chapman, Nathan S., Due Process Abroad (February 20, 2017). 112 Nw. U. L. Rev. 377 (2017), Dean Rusk International Center Research Paper No. 2017-03, University of Georgia School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-07, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2920776

Nathan S. Chapman (Contact Author)

University of Georgia School of Law ( email )

225 Herty Drive
Athens, GA 30602
United States
(706) 542-5235 (Phone)

HOME PAGE: http://www.law.uga.edu/profile/nathan-s-chapman

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