A New Hedonic Method for Measuring Mortgage Default Risk and Prepayment Rate

Abstract

Measuring and monitoring the true level of mortgage delinquencies across an economy is essential for asset pricing and financial system stability. Yet public measures of mortgage default risk almost always use simple averages across pools of individual assets, including balance-sheet loans or indices tracking default risk across portfolios of residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS). These approaches are, like median house price indices, afflicted by compositional biases that can lead to spurious inferences regarding the direction of default rates. Sources of bias include artificial changes in default rates attributable to: increases in the volume of new loans being written or (securitised RMBS added to indices); changes in the proportion of transactions with higher loan-to-value ratios (LVRs); the introduction of less seasoned RMBS transactions with a lower weighted-average loan age; and/or shifts in borrower characteristics that have higher probabilities of default (e.g. tilts towards investment borrowers). To address this problem, we have developed the first known hedonic regression-based indices of empirical mortgage default risk that explicitly control for compositional biases through the models’ characteristic-based independent variables. Whereas simple average measures of default rates across securitised loan portfolios have declined in recent years, which suggests that the risk of loss has been falling, our hedonic mortgage default index implies exactly the opposite: that is, compositionally-adjusted default rates have, in fact, been increasing sharply in recent times. In addition to delinquency rates, we apply similar hedonic regression techniques to create a compositionally-adjusted index for RMBS prepayment rates, which shows a sharp decline in prepayments from 2017 to late 2018.

Keywords: Mortgages, Defaults, Hedonic, Securitisation, Mortgage Risk, Mortgage Delinquencies, Default Risk, Hedonic Regression, RMBS