ICO vs IPO: Empirical Findings, Information Asymmetry and the Appropriate Regulatory Framework

64 Pages Posted: 12 Mar 2019 Last revised: 3 Dec 2019

See all articles by Moran Ofir

Moran Ofir

Reichman University (IDC Herzliya); London School of Economics - Law School

Ido Sadeh

Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliyah, Radzyner School of Law, Students

Date Written: August 5, 2019

Abstract

Initial coin offerings (ICOs) are a new form of fundraising whereby blockchain-related ventures raise public capital in exchange for newly issued digital tokens. In recent years, ICOs have been a prominent focus of legal and economic studies, which analyze their characteristics and determinants of their success. In this paper, we systematically review these studies and identify key ICO success factors. We then offer theoretical explanations for our findings, and in certain cases, connect the empirical results with the IPO and crowdfunding literatures. The results of our analysis are important for two reasons. First, because there is no single formal data source, and there is evidence of inconsistencies across the different data sources available. Second, our results show in what circumstances ICO investors and initiators behave like IPO investors and initiators, and hence contribute to the literature on tokens as securities. In the second part of our paper, based on our analysis, we show that a high degree of information asymmetry exists in ICOs, identify three sources of informational asymmetries, and discuss the role of signaling theory and rating websites in mitigating these asymmetries. Finally, we discuss the regulatory implications of our findings, and propose specific disclosure requirements tailored to ICOs.

Keywords: Initial Coin Offering (ICO), Initial Public Offering (IPO), Cryptocurrency, Digital Tokens, Securities Regulation

JEL Classification: K22, G14, G18, G23, G28

Suggested Citation

Ofir, Moran and Sadeh, Ido, ICO vs IPO: Empirical Findings, Information Asymmetry and the Appropriate Regulatory Framework (August 5, 2019). Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3338067 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3338067

Moran Ofir (Contact Author)

Reichman University (IDC Herzliya) ( email )

P.O. Box 167
Herzliya, 4610101
Israel

London School of Economics - Law School ( email )

Houghton Street
London WC2A 2AE, WC2A 2AE
United Kingdom

Ido Sadeh

Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliyah, Radzyner School of Law, Students ( email )

Herzliya
Israel

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