FRAND Licensing Levels under EU Law

European Competition Journal (2021)

49 Pages Posted: 13 Feb 2020 Last revised: 16 Feb 2021

See all articles by Jean-Sébastien Borghetti

Jean-Sébastien Borghetti

Université Paris 2 Panthéon Assas

Igor Nikolic

European University Institute

Nicolas Petit

European University Institute - Department of Law (LAW)

Date Written: February 5, 2020

Abstract

This paper investigates whether EU or national law provides legal authority to impose a direct or indirect obligation on Standard Essential Patent (“SEP”) holders to license at all levels of the value chain, including at component level (“license to all”, hereafter LTA). It concludes that neither patent law, competition law nor general principles of EU law impose an obligation on SEP owners to license at all levels of the production chain. Whether there exists an LTA obligation is primarily a matter of contract law and depends on the precise text of the FRAND commitment made to the relevant Standard-Setting Organisation (SSO). The ETSI FRAND commitment, which is of special relevance in the European context and is governed by French law, does not impose an LTA regime. With the exception of IEEE, other SSOs also do not seem to impose a contractual duty to license to all levels of the production chain. However, what EU law and FRAND commitments do require is access to the standard. Such access can be achieved in different ways: by having a direct license; by selling standard-implementing components to licensed end-device manufacturers (indirect licence); by concluding non-assertion agreements; or even without any licence or authorization at all if the SEP owner has a policy of monetising its SEPs only at one level of the production chain and does not enforce its patents against others.

Keywords: FRAND, SEPs, Internet of Things, value chain licensing

JEL Classification: K10, K12, K20, K21

Suggested Citation

Borghetti, Jean-Sébastien and Nikolic, Igor and Petit, Nicolas, FRAND Licensing Levels under EU Law (February 5, 2020). European Competition Journal (2021), Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3532469 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532469

Jean-Sébastien Borghetti

Université Paris 2 Panthéon Assas ( email )

Paris
France

Igor Nikolic (Contact Author)

European University Institute ( email )

Villa Schifanoia
133 via Bocaccio
Firenze (Florence), Tuscany 50014
Italy

Nicolas Petit

European University Institute - Department of Law (LAW) ( email )

Via Bolognese 156 (Villa Salviati)
50-139 Firenze
Italy

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