Definitional and Expositional Definitions: Flexible yet Precise Specifications of Required or Optional Attributes

Abstract

Good definitions are crucial for most research studies, especially in literature reviews, where topics and concepts must be precisely specified. Attempts to guide scholars in developing clear definitions have mainly emphasized necessary and sufficient definitions (also called intensional definitions) that strictly define things using a minimal set of required terms. Family resemblance concepts have also been suggested when attributes or features are optional. However, many definitions sometimes require complex combinations of some required and some optional terms, which is not adequately addressed by either type of definition. Thus, drawing from formal axiology, we develop two new useful types of definition: definitional definitions to specify the minimal reducible notion of what a thing is, including complex term combination logic; and expositional definitions to specify what a thing might optionally be. We present a methodology for developing such definitions and illustrate its application with a detailed example.

Keywords: definitions, literature review, formal axiology, necessary and sufficient, family resemblance, information systems outsourcing