Browse JEL Classification Codes

A: General Economics and Teaching

• A00 - General
• A1 - General Economics
• A10 - General
• A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists
• A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
• A13 - Relation of Economics to Social Values
• A14 - Sociology of Economics
• A19 - Other
• A2 - Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
• A20 - General
• A21 - Pre-college
• A22 - Undergraduate
• A23 - Graduate
• A29 - Other
• A3 - Collective Works
• A30 - General
• A31 - Collected Writings of Individuals
• A32 - Collective Volumes
• A33 - Handbooks
• A39 - Other

B: Methodology and History of Economic Thought

• B00 - General
• B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925
• B10 - General
• B11 - Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
• B12 - Classical (includes Adam Smith)
• B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Stockholm School)
• B14 - Socialist; Marxist
• B15 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary
• B16 - Quantitative and Mathematical
• B19 - Other
• B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925
• B20 - General
• B21 - Microeconomics
• B22 - Macroeconomics
• B23 - Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
• B24 - Socialist; Marxist; Sraffian
• B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
• B26 - Financial Economics
• B29 - Other
• B3 - History of Economic Thought: Individuals
• B30 - General
• B31 - Individuals
• B32 - Obituaries
• B4 - Economic Methodology
• B40 - General
• B41 - Economic Methodology
• B49 - Other
• B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches
• B50 - General
• B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian
• B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary
• B53 - Austrian
• B54 - Feminist Economics
• B59 - Other

C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

• C00 - General
• C01 - Econometrics
• C02 - Mathematical Methods
• C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
• C10 - General
• C11 - Bayesian Analysis: General
• C12 - Hypothesis Testing: General
• C13 - Estimation: General
• C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
• C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods: General
• C18 - Methodological Issues: General
• C19 - Other
• C2 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models
• C20 - General
• C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
• C22 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
• C23 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models
• C24 - Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models; Threshold Regression Models
• C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions; Probabilities
• C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
• C29 - Other
• C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables
• C30 - General
• C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models
• C32 - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models;Processes; State Space Models
• C33 - Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models
• C34 - Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models
• C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions
• C36 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
• C38 - Classification Methods; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Models
• C39 - Other
• C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
• C40 - General
• C41 - Duration Analysis; Optimal Timing Strategies
• C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation
• C44 - Operations Research; Statistical Decision Theory
• C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics
• C49 - Other
• C5 - Econometric Modeling
• C50 - General
• C51 - Model Construction and Estimation
• C52 - Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
• C53 - Forecasting and Prediction Methods; Simulation Methods
• C54 - Quantitative Policy Modeling
• C55 - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
• C57 - Econometrics of Games and Auctions
• C58 - Financial Econometrics
• C59 - Other
• C6 - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
• C60 - General
• C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
• C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
• C63 - Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling
• C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
• C67 - Input-Output Models
• C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models
• C69 - Other
• C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
• C70 - General
• C71 - Cooperative Games
• C72 - Noncooperative Games
• C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games
• C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
• C79 - Other
• C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs
• C80 - General
• C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data
• C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data
• C83 - Survey Methods; Sampling Methods
• C87 - Econometric Software
• C88 - Other Computer Software
• C89 - Other
• C9 - Design of Experiments
• C90 - General
• C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior
• C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior
• C93 - Field Experiments
• C99 - Other

D: Microeconomics

• D00 - General
• D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
• D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
• D03 - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles
• D04 - Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation
• D1 - Household Behavior
• D10 - General
• D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory
• D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
• D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
• D14 - Household Saving; Personal Finance
• D18 - Consumer Protection
• D19 - Other
• D2 - Production and Organizations
• D20 - General
• D21 - Firm Behavior: Theory
• D22 - Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
• D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
• D24 - Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity
• D29 - Other
• D3 - Distribution
• D30 - General
• D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
• D33 - Factor Income Distribution
• D39 - Other
• D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
• D40 - General
• D41 - Perfect Competition
• D42 - Monopoly
• D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
• D44 - Auctions
• D45 - Rationing; Licensing
• D46 - Value Theory
• D49 - Other
• D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
• D50 - General
• D51 - Exchange and Production Economies
• D52 - Incomplete Markets
• D57 - Input�Output Tables and Analysis
• D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
• D59 - Other
• D6 - Economic Welfare
• D60 - General
• D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis
• D62 - Externalities
• D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
• D64 - Altruism; Philanthropy; Intergenerational Transfers†
• D69 - Other
• D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
• D70 - General
• D71 - Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
• D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
• D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
• D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions
• D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
• D79 - Other
• D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
• D80 - General
• D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
• D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information; Mechanism Design
• D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief; Unawareness
• D84 - Expectations; Speculations
• D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
• D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory
• D87 - Neuroeconomics
• D89 - Other
• D9 - Intertemporal Choice
• D90 - General
• D91 - Intertemporal Household Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
• D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice, Investment, Capacity, and Financing
• D99 - Other

E: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

• E00 - General
• E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts
• E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy
• E03 - Behavioral Macroeconomics
• E1 - General Aggregative Models
• E10 - General
• E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Kaleckiany
• E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
• E13 - Neoclassical
• E14 - Austrian; Evolutionary; Institutional
• E16 - Social Accounting Matrix
• E17 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
• E19 - Other
• E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
• E20 - General
• E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
• E22 - Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity
• E23 - Production
• E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
• E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
• E27 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
• E29 - Other
• E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
• E30 - General
• E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
• E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
• E37 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
• E39 - Other
• E4 - Money and Interest Rates
• E40 - General
• E41 - Demand for Money
• E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems
• E43 - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
• E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
• E47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
• E49 - Other
• E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
• E50 - General
• E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
• E52 - Monetary Policy
• E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies
• E59 - Other
• E6 - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outloo
• E60 - General
• E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
• E62 - Fiscal Policy
• E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy
• E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy
• E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
• E66 - General Outlook and Conditions
• E69 - Other

F: International Economics

• F00 - General
• F01 - Global Outlook
• F02 - International Economic Order and Integration
• F1 - Trade
• F10 - General
• F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
• F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies; Fragmentation
• F13 - Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
• F14 - Empirical Studies of Trade
• F15 - Economic Integration
• F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
• F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
• F18 - Trade and Environment
• F19 - Other
• F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business
• F20 - General
• F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
• F22 - International Migration
• F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business
• F24 - Remittances
• F29 - Other
• F3 - International Finance
• F30 - General
• F31 - Foreign Exchange
• F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
• F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
• F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems
• F35 - Foreign Aid
• F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
• F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
• F38 - International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls
• F39 - Other
• F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
• F40 - General
• F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics
• F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
• F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
• F44 - International Business Cycles
• F45 - Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
• F47 - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
• F49 - Other
• F5 - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
• F50 - General
• F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
• F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism
• F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
• F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism
• F55 - International Institutional Arrangements
• F59 - Other
• F6 - Economic Impacts of Globalization
• F60 - General
• F61 - Microeconomic Impacts
• F62 - Macroeconomic Impacts
• F63 - Economic Development
• F64 - Environment
• F65 - Finance
• F66 - Labor
• F68 - Policy
• F69 - Other

G: Financial Economics

• G00 - General
• G01 - Financial Crises
• G02 - Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles
• G1 - General Financial Markets
• G10 - General
• G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
• G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
• G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing
• G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading
• G15 - International Financial Markets
• G18 - Government Policy and Regulation
• G19 - Other
• G2 - Financial Institutions and Services
• G20 - General
• G21 - Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
• G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies
• G23 - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
• G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
• G28 - Government Policy and Regulation
• G29 - Other
• G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance
• G30 - General
• G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies; Capacity
• G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
• G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation
• G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance
• G35 - Payout Policy
• G38 - Government Policy and Regulation
• G39 - Other

H: Public Economics

• H00 - General
• H1 - Structure and Scope of Government
• H10 - General
• H11 - Structure and Scope of Government
• H12 - Crisis Management
• H13 - Economics of Eminent Domain; Expropriation; Nationalization
• H19 - Other
• H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
• H20 - General
• H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
• H22 - Incidence
• H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
• H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
• H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies
• H26 - Tax Evasion and Avoidance
• H27 - Other Sources of Revenue
• H29 - Other
• H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
• H30 - General
• H31 - Household
• H32 - Firm
• H39 - Other
• H4 - Publicly Provided Goods
• H40 - General
• H41 - Public Goods
• H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods
• H43 - Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate
• H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
• H49 - Other
• H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
• H50 - General
• H51 - Government Expenditures and Health
• H52 - Government Expenditures and Education
• H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
• H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
• H55 - Social Security and Public Pensions
• H56 - National Security and War
• H57 - Procurement
• H59 - Other
• H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
• H60 - General
• H61 - Budget; Budget Systems
• H62 - Deficit; Surplus
• H63 - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt
• H68 - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
• H69 - Other
• H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
• H70 - General
• H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
• H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
• H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
• H74 - State and Local Borrowing
• H75 - State and Local Government: Health; Education; Welfare; Public Pensions
• H76 - State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
• H77 - Intergovernmental Relations
• H79 - Other
• H8 - Miscellaneous Issues
• H80 - General
• H81 - Governmental Loans and Credits
• H82 - Governmental Property
• H83 - Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits
• H84 - Disaster Aid
• H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
• H89 - Other

I: Health, Education and Welfare

• I00 - General
• I1 - Health
• I10 - General
• I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets
• I12 - Health Behavior
• I13 - Health Insurance, Public and Private
• I14 - Health and Inequality
• I15 - Health and Economic Development
• I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
• I19 - Other
• I2 - Education and Research Institutions
• I20 - General
• I21 - Analysis of Education
• I22 - Educational Finance ; Financial Aid
• I23 - Higher Education; Research Institutions
• I24 - Education and Inequality
• I25 - Education and Economic Development
• I26 - Returns to Education
• I28 - Government Policy
• I29 - Other
• I3 - Welfare and Poverty
• I30 - General
• I31 - General Welfare; Basic Needs; Quality of Life
• I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
• I38 - Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
• I39 - Other

J: Labor and Demographic Economics

• J00 - General
• J01 - Labor Economics: General
• J08 - Labor Economics Policies
• J1 - Demographic Economics
• J10 - General
• J11 - Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
• J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
• J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
• J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-Labor Market Discrimination
• J15 - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants, Non-labor Discrimination
• J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
• J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income
• J18 - Public Policy
• J19 - Other
• J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor
• J20 - General
• J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
• J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
• J23 - Labor Demand
• J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
• J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies
• J28 - Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
• J29 - Other
• J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
• J30 - General
• J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
• J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Retirement Plans; Private Pensions
• J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
• J38 - Public Policy
• J39 - Other
• J4 - Particular Labor Markets
• J40 - General
• J41 - Labor Contracts
• J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
• J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets
• J44 - Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
• J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets
• J46 - Informal Labor Markets
• J47 - Coercive Labor Markets
• J48 - Public Policy
• J49 - Other
• J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
• J50 - General
• J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
• J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining
• J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
• J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership
• J58 - Public Policy
• J59 - Other
• J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
• J60 - General
• J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
• J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
• J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
• J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
• J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
• J68 - Public Policy
• J69 - Other
• J7 - Labor Discrimination
• J70 - General
• J71 - Discrimination
• J78 - Public Policy
• J79 - Other
• J8 - Labor Standards: National and International
• J80 - General
• J81 - Working Conditions
• J82 - Labor Force Composition
• J83 - Workers' Rights
• J88 - Public Policy
• J89 - Other

K: Law and Economics

• K00 - General
• K1 - Basic Areas of Law
• K10 - General
• K11 - Property Law
• K12 - Contract Law
• K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability; Forensic Economics
• K14 - Criminal Law
• K19 - Other
• K2 - Regulation and Business Law
• K20 - General
• K21 - Antitrust Law
• K22 - Business and Securities Law
• K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
• K29 - Other
• K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law
• K30 - General
• K31 - Labor Law
• K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
• K33 - International Law
• K34 - Tax Law
• K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law
• K36 - Family and Personal Law
• K37 - Immigration Law
• K39 - Other
• K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
• K40 - General
• K41 - Litigation Process
• K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
• K49 - Other

L: Industrial Organization

• L00 - General
• L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
• L10 - General
• L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
• L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
• L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
• L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
• L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
• L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change;Industrial Price Indices
• L17 - Open Source Products and Markets
• L19 - Other
• L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
• L20 - General
• L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm
• L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure
• L23 - Organization of Production
• L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing
• L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
• L26 - Entrepreneurship
• L29 - Other
• L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
• L30 - General
• L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship
• L32 - Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises
• L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out
• L38 - Public Policy
• L39 - Other
• L4 - Antitrust Policy
• L40 - General
• L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
• L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
• L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
• L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
• L49 - Other
• L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy
• L50 - General
• L51 - Economics of Regulation
• L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
• L53 - Enterprise Policy
• L59 - Other
• L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing
• L60 - General
• L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
• L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment; Related Parts and Equipment
• L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
• L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
• L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
• L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
• L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
• L68 - Appliances; Furniture; Other Consumer Durables
• L69 - Other
• L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
• L70 - General
• L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
• L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
• L73 - Forest Products
• L74 - Construction
• L78 - Government Policy
• L79 - Other
• L8 - Industry Studies: Services
• L80 - General
• L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
• L82 - Entertainment; Media
• L83 - Sports; Gambling; Restaurants; Recreation; Tourism
• L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services
• L85 - Real Estate Services
• L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
• L87 - Postal and Delivery Services
• L88 - Government Policy
• L89 - Other
• L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
• L90 - General
• L91 - Transportation: General
• L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
• L93 - Air Transportation
• L94 - Electric Utilities
• L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
• L96 - Telecommunications
• L97 - Utilities: General
• L98 - Government Policy
• L99 - Other

M: Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics

• M00 - General
• M1 - Business Administration
• M10 - General
• M11 - Production Management
• M12 - Personnel Management; Executives; Executive Compensation
• M13 - New Firms; Startups
• M14 - Corporate Culture; Diversity; Social Responsibility
• M15 - IT Management
• M16 - International Business Administration
• M19 - Other
• M2 - Business Economics
• M20 - General
• M21 - Business Economics
• M29 - Other
• M3 - Marketing and Advertising
• M30 - General
• M31 - Marketing
• M37 - Advertising
• M38 - Government Policy and Regulation
• M39 - Other
• M4 - Accounting and Auditing
• M40 - General
• M41 - Accounting
• M42 - Auditing
• M48 - Government Policy and Regulation
• M49 - Other
• M5 - Personnel Economics
• M50 - General
• M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions
• M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
• M53 - Training
• M54 - Labor Management
• M55 - Labor Contracting Devices
• M59 - Other

N: Economic History

• N00 - General
• N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
• N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Industrial Structure; Growth; Fluctuations
• N10 - General, International, or Comparative
• N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N13 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N14 - Europe: 1913-
• N15 - Asia including Middle East
• N16 - Latin America; Caribbean
• N17 - Africa; Oceania
• N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions
• N20 - General, International, or Comparative
• N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-71
• N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N24 - Europe: 1913-
• N25 - Asia including Middle East
• N26 - Latin America; Caribbean
• N27 - Africa; Oceania
• N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
• N30 - General, International, or Comparative
• N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913
• N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N34 - Europe: 1913-
• N35 - Asia including Middle East
• N36 - Latin America; Caribbean
• N37 - Africa; Oceania
• N4 - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
• N40 - General, International, or Comparative
• N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N43 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N44 - Europe: 1913-
• N45 - Asia including Middle East
• N46 - Latin America; Caribbean
• N47 - Africa; Oceania
• N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
• N50 - General, International, or Comparative
• N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913
• N53 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N54 - Europe: 1913-
• N55 - Asia including Middle East
• N56 - Latin America; Caribbean
• N57 - Africa; Oceania
• N6 - Manufacturing and Construction
• N60 - General, International, or Comparative
• N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N63 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N64 - Europe: 1913-
• N65 - Asia including Middle East
• N66 - Latin America; Caribbean
• N67 - Africa; Oceania
• N7 - Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
• N70 - General, International, or Comparative
• N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N73 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N74 - Europe: 1913-
• N75 - Asia including Middle East
• N76 - Latin America; Caribbean
• N77 - Africa; Oceania
• N8 - Micro-Business History
• N80 - General, International, or Comparative
• N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N84 - Europe: 1913-
• N85 - Asia including Middle East
• N86 - Latin America; Caribbean
• N87 - Africa; Oceania
• N9 - Regional and Urban History
• N90 - General, International, or Comparative
• N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
• N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
• N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
• N94 - Europe: 1913-
• N95 - Asia including Middle East
• N96 - Latin America; Caribbean
• N97 - Africa; Oceania

O: Economic Development, Technological Change and Growth

• O00 - General
• O1 - Economic Development
• O10 - General
• O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
• O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
• O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products
• O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
• O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
• O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
• O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
• O18 - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
• O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
• O2 - Development Planning and Policy
• O20 - General
• O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy
• O22 - Project Analysis
• O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
• O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
• O25 - Industrial Policy
• O29 - Other
• O3 - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights
• O30 - General
• O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
• O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
• O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
• O34 - Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
• O35 - Social Innovation
• O38 - Government Policy
• O39 - Other
• O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
• O40 - General
• O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
• O42 - Monetary Growth Models
• O43 - Institutions and Growth
• O44 - Environment and Growth
• O47 - Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
• O49 - Other
• O5 - Economywide Country Studies
• O50 - General
• O51 - U.S.; Canada
• O52 - Europe
• O53 - Asia including Middle East
• O54 - Latin America; Caribbean
• O55 - Africa
• O56 - Oceania
• O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries

P: Economic Systems

• P00 - General
• P1 - Capitalist Systems
• P10 - General
• P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
• P12 - Capitalist Enterprises
• P13 - Cooperative Enterprises
• P14 - Property Rights
• P16 - Political Economy
• P17 - Performance and Prospects
• P19 - Other
• P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
• P20 - General
• P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
• P22 - Prices
• P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
• P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
• P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
• P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights
• P27 - Performance and Prospects
• P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
• P29 - Other
• P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
• P30 - General
• P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
• P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
• P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
• P34 - Financial Economics
• P35 - Public Finance
• P36 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
• P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
• P39 - Other
• P4 - Other Economic Systems
• P40 - General
• P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
• P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
• P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics
• P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
• P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
• P46 - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
• P47 - Performance and Prospects
• P48 - Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies
• P49 - Other
• P5 - Comparative Economic Systems
• P50 - General
• P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
• P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
• P59 - Other

Q: Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

• Q00 - General
• Q01 - Sustainable Development
• Q02 - Commodity Markets
• Q1 - Agriculture
• Q10 - General
• Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
• Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
• Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
• Q14 - Agricultural Finance
• Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation; Agriculture and Environment
• Q16 - R&D; Agricultural Technology; Biofuels; Agricultural Extension Services
• Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade
• Q18 - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
• Q19 - Other
• Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation
• Q20 - General
• Q21 - Demand and Supply; Prices
• Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture
• Q23 - Forestry
• Q24 - Land
• Q25 - Water
• Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
• Q27 - Issues in International Trade
• Q28 - Government Policy
• Q29 - Other
• Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
• Q30 - General
• Q31 - Demand and Supply; Prices
• Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
• Q33 - Resource Booms
• Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
• Q35 - Hydrocarbon Resources
• Q37 - Issues in International Trade
• Q38 - Government Policy
• Q39 - Other
• Q4 - Energy
• Q40 - General
• Q41 - Demand and Supply; Prices
• Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
• Q43 - Energy and the Macroeconomy
• Q47 - Energy Forecasting
• Q48 - Government Policy
• Q49 - Other
• Q5 - Environmental Economics
• Q50 - General
• Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
• Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
• Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
• Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters and Their Management; Global Warming
• Q55 - Technological Innovation
• Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
• Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology
• Q58 - Government Policy
• Q59 - Other

R: Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics

• R00 - General
• R1 - General Regional Economics
• R10 - General
• R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
• R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
• R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
• R14 - Land Use Patterns
• R15 - Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models
• R19 - Other
• R2 - Household Analysis
• R20 - General
• R21 - Housing Demand
• R22 - Other Demand
• R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics
• R28 - Government Policy
• R29 - Other
• R3 - Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
• R30 - General
• R31 - Housing Supply and Markets
• R32 - Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis
• R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
• R38 - Government Policy
• R39 - Other
• R4 - Transportation Economics
• R40 - General
• R41 - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
• R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis; Road Maintenance; Transportation Planning
• R48 - Government Pricing and Policy
• R49 - Other
• R5 - Regional Government Analysis
• R50 - General
• R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
• R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations
• R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
• R58 - Regional Development Policy
• R59 - Other

Y: Miscellaneous Categories

• Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts
• Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts
• Y2 - Introductory Material
• Y20 - Introductory Material
• Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
• Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified)
• Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified)
• Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified)
• Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified)
• Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified)
• Y6 - Excerpts
• Y60 - Excerpts
• Y7 - No Author General Discussions
• Y70 - No Author General Discussions
• Y8 - Related Disciplines
• Y80 - Related Disciplines
• Y9 - Other
• Y90 - Other
• Y92 - Pictures and Maps
• Y93 - Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.

Z: Other Special Topics

• Z1 - Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
• Z10 - General
• Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature
• Z12 - Religion
• Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Social and Economic Stratification
• Z18 - Public Policy
• Z19 - Other
• Z2 - Sports Economics
• Z20 - General
• Z21 - Industry Studies
• Z22 - Labor Issues
• Z23 - Finance
• Z28 - Policy
• Z29 - Other
• Z3 - Tourism Economics
• Z30 - General
• Z31 - Industry Studies
• Z32 - Tourism and Development
• Z33 - Marketing and Finance
• Z38 - Policy
• Z39 - Other