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lang="en">    <head>    <script language="JavaScript">var beforeload = (new Date()).getTime();var totalTime = 0;var clientTime = 0;var serverTime = 0;var XmlHttpObj1;function Sign(X) { return X>0 ? "+" : X<0 ? "-" : " " }function CreateXmlHttpObj1() {try {XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");}catch(e) {try{XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");}catch(oc) {XmlHttpObj1 = null;}}if(!XmlHttpObj1 && typeof XMLHttpRequest != "undefined") {XmlHttpObj1 = new XMLHttpRequest();}}function loadingTime() {//calculate the current time in afterloadvar afterload = (new Date()).getTime();//calculate the secondsclientTime = (afterload-beforeload)/1000;serverTime =  parseFloat(document.getElementById("serverTime").innerHTML);totalTime = (clientTime + serverTime).toFixed(3);document.getElementById("loadingtime").innerHTML = "and delivered in " + totalTime + " seconds";}function addLoadEvent(func) {var oldonload = window.onload;if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {window.onload = func;} else {window.onload = function() {if (oldonload) {oldonload();}func();}}}</script>    <title>SSRN JEL Code: D42</title>    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">    <meta name="robots" content="noindex">        <meta name="description" content="SSRN JEL Code: D42">        <meta name="keywords" content="SSRN, JEL Code: D42">        <link rel="search"              type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"  href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/opensearchdescription.xml"              title="SSRN" />    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script></head>    <body class="new-layout"><div id="genericToastr" class="generic-toastr"><div class="toastr-icon"><i id="toastrIcon"></i></div><div id="toastrMessage" class="toastr-mesage"></div><div class="toastr-close"><i class="icon icon-gizmo-delete" onclick="closeToastr()"></i></div><div class="toastr-link"><a id="toastrLink" href="#"></a></div></div>    <script language="javascript">//Language functionsfunction changeLanguage1(language, response){$.ajax({url: '/AltLanguage_ajax.cfm?type=changeLanguage&partid=1&strCode=en',cache: false,success: function(data) {// Update values in cookiesSet_Cookie('SITEID',language,'-1','/','.ssrn.com','');Set_Cookie('SITEID',language,'1000','/','.ssrn.com','');// Finally, perform redirectionif (response == 'reload') {window.location.reload();}else {window.location.href=response;}}});}function Set_Cookie( name, value, expires, path, domain, secure ) {// set time, its in millisecondsvar today = new Date();today.setTime( today.getTime() );/*if the expires variable is set, make the correctexpires time, the current script below will setit for x number of days, to make it for hours,delete * 24, for minutes, delete * 60 * 24*/if ( expires ) {expires = expires * 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;}var expires_date = new Date( today.getTime() + (expires) );document.cookie = name + "=" +escape( value ) +( ( expires ) ? 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A Theory of Competition under Uncertainty</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 46</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 08 Jul 2019</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 21 Oct 2019</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=358753" target="_blank">Nicolas Petit</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    European University Institute - Department of Law (LAW)                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 1,119</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <div class="trow abs abs_1324415" id="div_1324415">                        <div class="actions">                            52.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1324415">A Price Theory of Multi-Sided Platforms</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>American Economic Review, Forthcoming</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 40</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 08 Jan 2009</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 05 Sep 2012</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1186331" target="_blank">E. Glen Weyl</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Microsoft                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 1,113</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <div class="trow abs abs_568406" id="div_568406">                        <div class="actions">                            53.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=568406">The Social Cost of Monopoly Power</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 25</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 30 Jul 2004</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=224159" target="_blank">Donald Brown</a> and <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=386892" target="_blank">G. 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Stern School of Business - Department of Economics and Gabelli School of Business, Fordham University                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 1,048</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <div class="trow abs abs_961609" id="div_961609">                        <div class="actions">                            55.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=961609">Revitalizing Essential Facilities</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Antitrust Law Journal, Vol. 75, No. 1, 2008</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 65</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 07 Feb 2007</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=145112" target="_blank">Spencer Weber Waller</a> and <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=232991" target="_blank">Brett M. 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          <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1016360">The History of Management Accounting in France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Instituto de Empresa Business School Working Paper No. WP05-30</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 32</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 23 Sep 2007</span>                                                                        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International </i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 11</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 05 Sep 2018</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a 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Robertson</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of Graz                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 1,010</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="trow abs abs_1282303" id="div_1282303">                        <div class="actions">                            59.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1282303">Price Effects in Online Product Reviews: An Analytical Model and Empirical Analysis</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>MIS Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 809-831</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 53</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 12 Oct 2008</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 05 Aug 2014</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=640244" target="_blank">Xinxin Li</a> and <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=171534" target="_blank">Lorin M. Hitt</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of Connecticut - Department of Operations & Information Management and University of Pennsylvania - Operations & Information Management Department                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span> 1,010</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <div class="trow abs abs_2495509" id="div_2495509">                        <div class="actions">                            60.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2495509">Dynamic Pricing in Social Networks: The Word of Mouth Effect</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 59</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 14 Sep 2014</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 30 Oct 2015</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=2293095" target="_blank">Amir Ajorlou</a>, <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1428432" target="_blank">Ali Jadbabaie</a> and <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=2296788" target="_blank">Ali Kakhbod</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Department of Economics                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  987</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <div class="trow abs abs_975461" id="div_975461">                        <div class="actions">                            61.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=975461">On the Origins of the Concept of Natural Monopoly</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Università di Lecce Department of Economics Working Paper No. 92/45</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 30</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 27 Mar 2007</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=352869" target="_blank">Manuela Mosca</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Università del Salento (Lecce) - Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Economia                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  976</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <div class="trow abs abs_1010808" id="div_1010808">                        <div class="actions">                            62.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1010808">Inter-temporal Pricing and Consumer Stockpiling</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 40</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 31 Aug 2007</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 08 May 2012</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=600752" target="_blank">Xuanming Su</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of Pennsylvania - 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                                                                                                                              <div><i>Stern School of Business Working Paper No. EC-03-16 </i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 43</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 06 Feb 2002</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                              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                             <div><i>Washington University Law Review, Vol. 94, No. 1, 2016, University of Memphis Legal Studies Research Paper No. 150</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 64</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 28 Oct 2015</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 13 Sep 2017</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                        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<div><i>UC Berkeley Competition Policy Center Working Paper No. CPC02-33</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 39</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 22 Mar 2004</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div 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