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language="JavaScript">var beforeload = (new Date()).getTime();var totalTime = 0;var clientTime = 0;var serverTime = 0;var XmlHttpObj1;function Sign(X) { return X>0 ? "+" : X<0 ? "-" : " " }function CreateXmlHttpObj1() {try {XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");}catch(e) {try{XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");}catch(oc) {XmlHttpObj1 = null;}}if(!XmlHttpObj1 && typeof XMLHttpRequest != "undefined") {XmlHttpObj1 = new XMLHttpRequest();}}function loadingTime() {//calculate the current time in afterloadvar afterload = (new Date()).getTime();//calculate the secondsclientTime = (afterload-beforeload)/1000;serverTime =  parseFloat(document.getElementById("serverTime").innerHTML);totalTime = (clientTime + serverTime).toFixed(3);document.getElementById("loadingtime").innerHTML = "and delivered in " + totalTime + " seconds";}function addLoadEvent(func) {var oldonload = window.onload;if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {window.onload = func;} else {window.onload = function() {if (oldonload) {oldonload();}func();}}}</script>    <title>SSRN JEL Code: D42</title>    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">    <meta name="robots" content="noindex">        <meta name="description" content="SSRN JEL Code: D42">        <meta name="keywords" content="SSRN, JEL Code: D42">        <link rel="search"              type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"  href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/opensearchdescription.xml"              title="SSRN" />    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script></head>    <body class="new-layout"><div id="genericToastr" class="generic-toastr"><div class="toastr-icon"><i id="toastrIcon"></i></div><div id="toastrMessage" class="toastr-mesage"></div><div class="toastr-close"><i class="icon icon-gizmo-delete" onclick="closeToastr()"></i></div><div class="toastr-link"><a id="toastrLink" href="#"></a></div></div>    <script language="javascript">//Language functionsfunction changeLanguage1(language, response){$.ajax({url: '/AltLanguage_ajax.cfm?type=changeLanguage&partid=1&strCode=en',cache: false,success: function(data) {// Update values in cookiesSet_Cookie('SITEID',language,'-1','/','.ssrn.com','');Set_Cookie('SITEID',language,'1000','/','.ssrn.com','');// Finally, perform redirectionif (response == 'reload') {window.location.reload();}else {window.location.href=response;}}});}function Set_Cookie( name, value, expires, path, domain, secure ) {// set time, its in millisecondsvar today = new Date();today.setTime( today.getTime() );/*if the expires variable is set, make the correctexpires time, the current script below will setit for x number of days, to make it for hours,delete * 24, for minutes, delete * 60 * 24*/if ( expires ) {expires = expires * 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;}var expires_date = new Date( today.getTime() + (expires) );document.cookie = name + "=" +escape( value ) +( ( expires ) ? 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Glen Weyl</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Microsoft                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  618</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <div class="trow abs abs_200030" id="div_200030">                        <div class="actions">                            102.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=200030">How Efficient is a Contestable Natural Monopoly?</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>CESifo Working Paper Series No. 186</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 14</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 19 Jan 2000</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=64548" target="_blank">Alfons J. 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                                                                     <div><i>Forthcoming, Antitrust Chronicle</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 10</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 29 Aug 2017</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                           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                                         class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1914737">Antitrust, Innovation, and Product Design in Platform Markets: Microsoft and Intel</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 34</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 23 Aug 2011</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 22 Sep 2015</span>                                                                        </div>                                         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Childers</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of Florida Levin College of Law and University of Florida - Levin College of Law                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  574</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <div class="trow abs abs_1088570" id="div_1088570">                        <div class="actions">                            111.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1088570">Software Licensing: Pay-Per-Use versus Perpetual</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 34</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 01 Feb 2008</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 21 Apr 2015</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=885715" target="_blank">Baojun Jiang</a>, <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1525414" target="_blank">Pei-Yu Chen</a> and <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=264189" target="_blank">Tridas Mukhopadhyay</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Washington University in Saint Louis - John M. Olin Business School, Arizona State University (ASU) - Department of Information Systems and Carnegie Mellon University - David A. Tepper School of Business                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  572</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                 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</span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 14</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 03 Apr 2019</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 01 May 2020</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=2246677" target="_blank">Dimitrios Nomidis</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Athens University of Economics and Business                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  569</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="trow abs abs_422100" id="div_422100">                        <div class="actions">                            113.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                    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                                                                                                                  <span>Posted: 18 Oct 2003</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=345209" target="_blank">Ramnath Chellappa</a> and <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=105391" target="_blank">Shivendu Shivendu</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Emory University - Goizueta Business School and University of California, Irvine - The Paul Merage School of Business                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  567</span>                                      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href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2256073">Consumer Surplus and Prices in Perfect Competition and Monopoly</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 8</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 25 Apr 2013</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 25 Jan 2014</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1135109" target="_blank">Suryaprakash Misra</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    NALSAR University of Law                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                               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Blair & D. Daniel Sokol, ed., 2013).</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 20</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 16 May 2013</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=17111" target="_blank">Louis Kaplow</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Harvard Law School                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  552</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="trow abs abs_3024225" id="div_3024225">                        <div class="actions">                            116.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3024225">Merger Control and Online Platforms: The Relevance of Network Effects</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Market and Competition Law Review, vol. 2 (2017) </i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 23</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 24 Aug 2017</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=793706" target="_blank">Antonio Robles Martín-Laborda</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Universidad Carlos III de Madrid - Faculty of Social Sciences and Law                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  539</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <div class="trow abs abs_771205" id="div_771205">                        <div class="actions">                            117.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=771205">The Death of the Regulatory Compact: Adjusting Prices and Expectations in the Law of Regulated Industries</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 67, No. 6, 2006, Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-19</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 74</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 28 Jul 2005</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=68651" target="_blank">James Ming Chen</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Michigan State University - College of Law                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  539</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <div class="trow abs abs_907502" id="div_907502">                        <div class="actions">                            118.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=907502">Network Effects and Switching Costs: Two Short Essays for the New Palgrave</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 17</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 02 Aug 2006</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1447" target="_blank">Paul Klemperer</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of Oxford - Department of Economics                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  538</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="trow abs abs_1961327" id="div_1961327">                        <div class="actions">                            119.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1961327">Behavioral Antitrust and Monopolization</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Journal of Competition Law and Economics, Forthcoming, University of Tennessee Legal Studies Research Paper No. 171</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 40</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 18 Nov 2011</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 30 Oct 2012</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=594071" target="_blank">Maurice E. Stucke</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of Tennessee College of Law                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  536</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="trow abs abs_3540987" id="div_3540987">                        <div class="actions">                            120.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3540987">Abusive Global Platform Dominance or Competition on the Merits?</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Durham Law School Research Paper 2019</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 26</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 18 Mar 2020</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 08 Oct 2020</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=519130" target="_blank">Anca D. Chirita</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Durham University - Law School                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  534</span>                                                        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           class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1365934">Networks, Access, and 'Essential Facilities': From <i>Terminal Railroad</i> to <i>Microsoft</i></a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Southern Methodist University Law Review, Vol. 62, p. 557, 2009</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 40</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 20 Mar 2009</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 18 Jan 2014</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=257292" target="_blank">Marina Lao</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Seton Hall University School of Law                                    </div>                                                                                        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</h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Penn State Law Review, Vol. 115, No. 2, 2011</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 36</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 23 Jul 2010</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 09 Jun 2011</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1145394" target="_blank">Marc Edelman</a> and <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1191694" target="_blank">Joseph A. Wacker</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    City University of New York - Baruch College, Zicklin School of Business and <i>affiliation not provided to SSRN</i>                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  521</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <div class="trow abs abs_2145455" id="div_2145455">                        <div class="actions">                            123.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2145455">Moving Beyond Naïve Foreclosure Analysis</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>George Mason Law Review, Vol. 19, No. 5, Summer 2012, pp. 1163-1198, George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 12-61</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 37</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 12 Sep 2012</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=466576" target="_blank">Joshua D. 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                                  Loyola University Chicago School of Law                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  508</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                   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href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=859504">Pricing Models for On-Demand Computing</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>CeDER Working Paper No. 05-26</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 41</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 01 Dec 2005</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div 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8</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 10 Apr 2005</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=146870" target="_blank">Babu Nahata</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    University of Louisville - College of Business - Department of Economics                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  451</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                            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Law Review (March 2017), Forthcoming</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 84</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 22 Oct 2016</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=17111" target="_blank">Louis Kaplow</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Harvard Law School                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>            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