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"+" : X<0 ? "-" : " " }function CreateXmlHttpObj1() {try {XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");}catch(e) {try{XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");}catch(oc) {XmlHttpObj1 = null;}}if(!XmlHttpObj1 && typeof XMLHttpRequest != "undefined") {XmlHttpObj1 = new XMLHttpRequest();}}function loadingTime() {//calculate the current time in afterloadvar afterload = (new Date()).getTime();//calculate the secondsclientTime = (afterload-beforeload)/1000;serverTime =  parseFloat(document.getElementById("serverTime").innerHTML);totalTime = (clientTime + serverTime).toFixed(3);document.getElementById("loadingtime").innerHTML = "and delivered in " + totalTime + " seconds";}function addLoadEvent(func) {var oldonload = window.onload;if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {window.onload = func;} else {window.onload = function() {if (oldonload) {oldonload();}func();}}}</script>    <title>SSRN JEL Code: J68</title>    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">    <meta name="robots" content="noindex">        <meta name="description" content="SSRN JEL Code: J68">        <meta name="keywords" content="SSRN, JEL Code: J68">        <link rel="search"              type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"  href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/opensearchdescription.xml"              title="SSRN" />    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script></head>    <body class="new-layout"><div id="genericToastr" class="generic-toastr"><div class="toastr-icon"><i id="toastrIcon"></i></div><div id="toastrMessage" class="toastr-mesage"></div><div class="toastr-close"><i class="icon icon-gizmo-delete" onclick="closeToastr()"></i></div><div class="toastr-link"><a id="toastrLink" href="#"></a></div></div>    <script language="javascript">//Language functionsfunction changeLanguage1(language, response){$.ajax({url: '/AltLanguage_ajax.cfm?type=changeLanguage&partid=1&strCode=en',cache: false,success: function(data) {// Update values in cookiesSet_Cookie('SITEID',language,'-1','/','.ssrn.com','');Set_Cookie('SITEID',language,'1000','/','.ssrn.com','');// Finally, perform redirectionif (response == 'reload') {window.location.reload();}else {window.location.href=response;}}});}function Set_Cookie( name, value, expires, path, domain, secure ) {// set time, its in millisecondsvar today = new Date();today.setTime( today.getTime() );/*if the expires variable is set, make the correctexpires time, the current script below will setit for x number of days, to make it for hours,delete * 24, for minutes, delete * 60 * 24*/if ( expires ) {expires = expires * 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;}var expires_date = new Date( today.getTime() + (expires) );document.cookie = name + "=" +escape( value ) +( ( expires ) ? 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      </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 82</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 20 Apr 2011</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1519818" target="_blank">Marek Hlavac</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Central European Labour Studies Institute (CELSI)                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                        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<span>Posted: 26 Jul 2009</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 13 Dec 2010</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=341570" target="_blank">Aditya Bhattacharjea</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Delhi School of 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Wuerzburg Economic Papers No. 00-23</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 20</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 07 Sep 2000</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=105189" target="_blank">Horst Entorf</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                    <p><a class="btn-link versions-btn" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Open tooltip with 2 versions of this paper" ><img src="https://static.ssrn.com/cfincludes/img/icons/icon-small-multipleversion.png" alt="Multiple version icon">There are <span>2</span> versions of this paper</a></p><div class="tooltip bottom-left versions-tooltip" role="tooltip" id="versions-tooltip"><i class="icon-gizmo-delete tooltip-close" aria-label="Close modal" title="Close modal" role="button" tabindex="0" onkeypress="return closeTooltip(event)"></i><div class="tooltip-arrow"></div><div class="tooltip-inner"><div class="table papers-list"><div class="tbody"><div class="trow"><div class="actions"><a title="Free paper" href="javascript:void(0);" role="button" class="tooltip-icon-a"><i class="icn icn-free" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div><div class="description"><h3><a class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=239404" tabindex="0"><span>Rational Migration Policy Should Tolerate Non-Zero Illegal Migration Flows: Lessons from Modelling the Market for Illegal Migration</span></a></h3><div class="reference">W.E.P. Wuerzburg Economic Papers No. 00-23</div><div class="note note-list"><span>Number of pages: 20</span><span tabindex="0">Posted: 07 Sep 2000</span></div></div><div class="downloads"><span>Downloads</span><span>  240</span></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="actions"><a title="Free paper" href="javascript:void(0);" role="button" class="tooltip-icon-a"><i class="icn icn-free" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></div><div class="description"><h3><a class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=252003" tabindex="0"><span>Rational Migration Policy Should Tolerate Non-Zero Illegal Migration Flows: Lessons from Modelling the Market for Illegal Migration</span></a></h3><div class="note note-list"><span>Number of pages: 26</span><span tabindex="0">Posted: 14 Dec 2000</span></div></div><div class="downloads"><span>Downloads</span><span>  136</span></div></div></div></div></div></div>                                    <div 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Law Review 1429 (2021), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 20-46</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 78</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 21 Sep 2020</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 26 Feb 2021</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                   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No. 2 (2014)</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 19</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 28 May 2014</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a 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                           <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=964011">Migrant Smuggling When Exploitation Is Private Information</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>Canadian Journal of Economics, Forthcoming</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 19</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 21 Feb 2007</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 07 Mar 2013</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=515888" target="_blank">Yuji Tamura</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Department of Economics and Finance, La Trobe University                                    </div>                                                         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privée)</span></a></h3><div class="reference">Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, Vol. 46, Issue 4, pp. 1463-1479, 2013</div><div class="note note-list"><span>Number of pages: 17</span><span tabindex="0">Posted: 15 Nov 2013</span></div></div><div class="downloads"></div></div></div></div></div></div>                                    <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  236</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                            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Department of Economics, University of Paderborn - Department of Economics and University of Freiburg - Department of Economics                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  230</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            <div class="trow abs abs_3334667" id="div_3334667">                        <div class="actions">                            109.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3334667">Future Work</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                                <div><i>University of Illinois Law Review, 2020 Forthcoming, UNC Legal Studies Research Paper</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 63</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 20 Feb 2019</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 12 Jul 2019</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=84048" target="_blank">Jeffrey M. 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School of Business and Economics, University of Hohenheim and University of Duisburg-Essen                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  228</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <div class="trow abs abs_166558" id="div_166558">                        <div class="actions">                            111.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=166558">Unemployment and Crime: New Answers to an Old Question</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 28</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 23 Jun 1999</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=33354" target="_blank">Rainer Winkelmann</a> and <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=168175" target="_blank">Kerry L. 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<div><i>Univ. of St. Galen Dept. of Economics Discussion Paper No. 2000-01</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 41</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 18 Nov 2000</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div 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      <div><i>Boston University Law Review, Vol. 96, 2016, San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 16-217</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 26</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 03 Jun 2016</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                     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                                                                        <span>Number of pages: 291</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 14 Nov 2014</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=2028013" target="_blank">Adrian-Claudiu Popoviciu</a>                                    </div>           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                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=519130" target="_blank">Anca D. 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                                                                                                                          <div><i>IZA Discussion Paper No. 6450</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 20</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 14 Apr 2012</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                         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    IZA Institute of Labor Economics, IZA Institute of Labor Economics and IZA Institute of Labor Economics                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  192</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                  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(2017). A Generation in Waiting for Jobs and Justice: Young People Not in Education, Employment or Training in North Africa. Arab Transformations Working Paper 18. 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Schmidt</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bologna - School of Economics, Management, and Statistics and RWI - Leibniz-Insitut für Wirtschaftsforschung (RWI Essen)                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  176</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <div class="trow abs abs_292839" id="div_292839">                        <div class="actions">                            150.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=292839">How Do Layoff Costs Affect Employment?</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 36</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 04 Dec 2001</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=292130" target="_blank">Lars Ljungqvist</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Stockholm School of Economics - Department of Economics                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  176</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                        </div>                    </div>                                            <div class="results-footer">                                <div class="pagination"><ul><li class="prev"><a href="/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?npage=2&form_name=Jel&code=J68&lim=false" role="button" tabindex="0">Previous</a></li> <li><a href="/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?npage=1&form_name=Jel&code=J68&lim=false" class="jeljour_pagination_number" role="button" tabindex="0">1</a><li><li><a href="/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?npage=2&form_name=Jel&code=J68&lim=false" class="jeljour_pagination_number" role="button" tabindex="0">2</a></li><li class="curr"><strong>3</strong></li><li><a href="/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?npage=4&form_name=Jel&code=J68&lim=false" class="jeljour_pagination_number" role="button" tabindex="0">4</a></li><li><a href="/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?npage=5&form_name=Jel&code=J68&lim=false" class="jeljour_pagination_number" role="button" tabindex="0">5</a></li><li>...</li><li><a href="/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?npage=22&form_name=Jel&code=J68&lim=false" class="jeljour_pagination_number" role="button" tabindex="0">22</a></li><li class="next"><a href="/sol3/JELJOUR_Results.cfm?npage=4&form_name=Jel&code=J68&lim=false" role="button" tabindex="0">Next</a></li><li class="total">22</li></ul><div class="go-to-page input-group form-group" onkeypress="return isNumberKey(event)"><input type="text" aria-label="Go to page" placeholder="Go to page" role="input"><button onclick="gotoPage(22,this.parentNode);" aria-label="Go" role="button"><i class="icon-gizmo-navigate-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></button></div></div> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript">function isNumberKey(evt) {var charCode = (evt.which) ? evt.which : event.keyCodeif (charCode > 31 && (charCode < 48 || charCode > 57)) {return false;}return true;}function gotoPage(totalPages,caller){var gotopage = caller.getElementsByTagName('input')[0].value;if (gotopage == "" || gotopage == null) {alert('The page number field cannot be empty.  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