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 <script language="JavaScript">var beforeload = (new Date()).getTime();var totalTime = 0;var clientTime = 0;var serverTime = 0;var XmlHttpObj1;function Sign(X) { return X>0 ? "+" : X<0 ? "-" : " " }function CreateXmlHttpObj1() {try {XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Msxml2.XMLHTTP");}catch(e) {try{XmlHttpObj1 = new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");}catch(oc) {XmlHttpObj1 = null;}}if(!XmlHttpObj1 && typeof XMLHttpRequest != "undefined") {XmlHttpObj1 = new XMLHttpRequest();}}function loadingTime() {//calculate the current time in afterloadvar afterload = (new Date()).getTime();//calculate the secondsclientTime = (afterload-beforeload)/1000;serverTime =  parseFloat(document.getElementById("serverTime").innerHTML);totalTime = (clientTime + serverTime).toFixed(3);document.getElementById("loadingtime").innerHTML = "and delivered in " + totalTime + " seconds";}function addLoadEvent(func) {var oldonload = window.onload;if (typeof window.onload != 'function') {window.onload = func;} else {window.onload = function() {if (oldonload) {oldonload();}func();}}}</script>    <title>SSRN JEL Code: D42</title>    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">    <meta name="robots" content="noindex">        <meta name="description" content="SSRN JEL Code: D42">        <meta name="keywords" content="SSRN, JEL Code: D42">        <link rel="search"              type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"  href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/opensearchdescription.xml"              title="SSRN" />    <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script></head>    <body class="new-layout"><div id="genericToastr" class="generic-toastr"><div class="toastr-icon"><i id="toastrIcon"></i></div><div id="toastrMessage" class="toastr-mesage"></div><div class="toastr-close"><i class="icon icon-gizmo-delete" onclick="closeToastr()"></i></div><div class="toastr-link"><a id="toastrLink" href="#"></a></div></div>    <script language="javascript">//Language functionsfunction changeLanguage1(language, response){$.ajax({url: '/AltLanguage_ajax.cfm?type=changeLanguage&partid=1&strCode=en',cache: false,success: function(data) {// Update values in cookiesSet_Cookie('SITEID',language,'-1','/','.ssrn.com','');Set_Cookie('SITEID',language,'1000','/','.ssrn.com','');// Finally, perform redirectionif (response == 'reload') {window.location.reload();}else {window.location.href=response;}}});}function Set_Cookie( name, value, expires, path, domain, secure ) {// set time, its in millisecondsvar today = new Date();today.setTime( today.getTime() );/*if the expires variable is set, make the correctexpires time, the current script below will setit for x number of days, to make it for hours,delete * 24, for minutes, delete * 60 * 24*/if ( expires ) {expires = expires * 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24;}var expires_date = new Date( today.getTime() + (expires) );document.cookie = name + "=" +escape( value ) +( ( expires ) ? 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<div><i>OECD Roundtables on Competition Policy Working Paper No. 56</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 303</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 20 Jan 2006</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 01 Apr 2008</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                               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                                                      <div><i>114 Michigan Law Review First Impressions 73 (2015)</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 8</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 11 Oct 2015</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 02 Dec 2015</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Accepted Paper Series                                    </div>                   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Porto, Law School                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                        <div class="keywords">                                                                                                                                                    </div>                                                        </div>                                                                                    <div class="downloads">                                                                <span>Downloads</span>                                <span>  425</span>                                                        </div>                            </div>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 <div class="trow abs abs_311999" id="div_311999">                        <div class="actions">                            164.                                                                                                    <i class="icn icn-free"></i>                                                                                         </div>                            <div class="description">                                                                                                                        <h3>                                    <span><a                                            class="title optClickTitle" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=311999">Negotiated Access to Essential Facilities</a>                                </span>                                </h3>                                                                                                                            <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 85</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 14 May 2002</span>                                                                                                            </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=251559" target="_blank">Christoph Engel</a>                                    </div>                                    <div class="afiliations">                                    Max Planck Society for the Advancement of the Sciences - 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<div><i>RESEARCH HANDBOOK ON THE ECONOMICS OF ANTITRUST LAW, Einer Elhauge, ed.,Edward Elgar Publishing, Forthcoming, NET Institute Working Paper No. #10-26, NYU Law and Economics Research Paper No. 11-02</i>                                    </div>                                                                    <div class="note note-list">                                                                                <span>Number of pages: 40</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 25 Dec 2010</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 16 May 2011</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                             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                                                         <span>Number of pages: 46</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Posted: 22 Feb 2018</span>                                                                                                                    <span>Last Revised: 04 Nov 2019</span>                                                                        </div>                                                                                            <div class="afiliations">                                    Working Paper Series                                    </div>                                                                                                                                                                    <div class="authors-list">                                    <a 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