University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Emergency Medicine, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Ridgeview Emergency Medicinal Services, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, University of Minnesota, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Center for Resuscitation Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis and University of Minnesota - Minneapolis