Jeffrey G. Williamson

Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus

Littauer Center

Room 216

Cambridge, MA 02138

United States

Honorary Fellow, University of Wisconsin - Department of Economics

716 Langdon Street

Madison, WI 53706-1481

United States

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

1050 Massachusetts Avenue

Cambridge, MA 02138

United States

Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)

London

United Kingdom

IZA Institute of Labor Economics

P.O. Box 7240

Bonn, D-53072

Germany

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

89

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11,880

SSRN CITATIONS
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Top 1,326

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361

CROSSREF CITATIONS

909

Scholarly Papers (89)

1.
Downloads 725 (69,442)
Citation 7

Measuring Ancient Inequality

World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4412
Number of pages: 88 Posted: 20 Apr 2016
Branko Milanovic, Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson
World Bank - Development Research Group (DECRG), University of California, Davis - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 632 (81,590)

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Inequality, Rural Poverty Reduction, Poverty Impact Evaluation, Services & Transfers to Poor

Measuring Ancient Inequality

NBER Working Paper No. w13550
Number of pages: 86 Posted: 31 Oct 2007 Last Revised: 11 Jul 2022
Branko Milanovic, Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson
World Bank - Development Research Group (DECRG), University of California, Davis - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 93 (540,216)

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2.

Globalization in Latin America Before 1940

NBER Working Paper No. w9687
Number of pages: 60 Posted: 16 May 2003 Last Revised: 22 Dec 2022
Luis Bertola and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Universidad de la Republica - Economic and Social History Programme and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 724 (69,571)
Citation 2

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3.
Downloads 509 (108,413)
Citation 7

Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Policy in Europe

Number of pages: 43 Posted: 02 Aug 2004
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 410 (138,626)

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refugees, asylum seekers, asylum policy, international policy coordination

Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Policy in Europe

NBER Working Paper No. w10680
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 06 Sep 2004 Last Revised: 08 Sep 2022
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 78 (603,092)
Citation 1

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Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Policy in Europe

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5058
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 03 Aug 2005
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 21 (1,008,884)
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Asylum seekers, refugees, migration policy

4.

What Explains Cross-Border Migration in Latin America?

Number of pages: 31 Posted: 05 Aug 2003
Ximena Clark, Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
World Bank, University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 497 (111,595)
Citation 9

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India's De-Industrialization Under British Rule: New Ideas, New Evidence

Number of pages: 43 Posted: 23 Jun 2004
David Clingingsmith and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Case Western Reserve University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 324 (180,021)

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De-industrialization, price shocks, globalization, India , l8th and l9th century

India's De-Industrialization Under British Rule: New Ideas, New Evidence

NBER Working Paper No. w10586
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 07 Jul 2004 Last Revised: 05 Dec 2022
David Clingingsmith and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Case Western Reserve University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 136 (406,919)

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India's De-Industrialization Under British Rule: New Ideas, New Evidence

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5066
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 04 Aug 2005
David Clingingsmith and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Case Western Reserve University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 24 (976,373)
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De-industrialization, price shocks, globalization, India, 18th and 19th century

6.

When Did Globalization Begin?

NBER Working Paper No. w7632
Number of pages: 54 Posted: 21 May 2000 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2022
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 462 (121,722)

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7.

"Globalization and Inequality Past and Present"

NBER Working Paper No. w5491
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 08 Oct 1996 Last Revised: 02 Jan 2023
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 418 (136,811)
Citation 3

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Explaining Inequality the World Round: Cohort Size, Kuznets Curves, and Openness

FRB of New York Staff Report No. 79
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 02 Oct 1999
Matthew Higgins and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Independent and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 327 (178,246)
Citation 17

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Explaining Inequality the World Round: Cohort Size, Kuznets Curves, Andopenness

NBER Working Paper No. w7224
Number of pages: 58 Posted: 14 Jul 2000 Last Revised: 29 Sep 2022
Matthew Higgins and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Independent and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 61 (689,747)

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9.

Land, Labor and the Wage-Rental Ratio: Factor Price Convergence in the Late Nineteenth Century

NBER Working Paper No. h0046
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 08 Jun 2004 Last Revised: 17 Feb 2023
Kevin H. O'Rourke, Alan M. Taylor and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College, Columbia University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 374 (155,294)
Citation 1

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10.

Does Globalization Make the World More Unequal?

NBER Working Paper No. w8228
Number of pages: 58 Posted: 08 Apr 2001 Last Revised: 26 Dec 2022
Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of California, Davis - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 348 (167,928)
Citation 6

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11.
Downloads 308 (191,307)
Citation 55

What Fundamentals Drive World Migration?

NBER Working Paper No. w9159
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 30 Oct 2002 Last Revised: 13 Jul 2022
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 270 (218,002)
Citation 8

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What Fundamentals Drive World Migration?

Number of pages: 38 Posted: 30 Oct 2002
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 38 (846,084)
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International migration

International Migration in the Long-Run: Positive Selection, Negative Selection and Policy

Number of pages: 37 Posted: 23 Jun 2004
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 208 (281,074)

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International Migration in the Long-Run: Positive Selection, Negative Selection and Policy

NBER Working Paper No. w10529
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 10 Jun 2004 Last Revised: 20 Apr 2022
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 71 (636,542)
Citation 5

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13.

Winners and Losers Over Two Centuries of Globalization

NBER Working Paper No. w9161
Number of pages: 60 Posted: 15 Sep 2002 Last Revised: 15 Jul 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 276 (214,506)
Citation 2

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After Columbus: Explaining the Global Trade Boom 1500-1800

NBER Working Paper No. w8186
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 24 Mar 2001 Last Revised: 14 Nov 2022
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 244 (241,131)
Citation 7

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After Columbus: Explaining the Global Trade Boom 1500-1800

Number of pages: 55 Posted: 24 May 2001
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 21 (1,008,884)
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Demand and supply, history, trade growth

Demographic and Economic Pressure on Emigration Out of Africa

Number of pages: 42 Posted: 03 Apr 2001
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 183 (316,174)

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International migration, demographic pressure, African population

Demographic and Economic Pressure on Emigration Out of Africa

NBER Working Paper No. w8124
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 09 Feb 2001 Last Revised: 14 Sep 2022
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 61 (689,747)
Citation 11

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16.

Explaining U.S. Immigration, 1971-98

Number of pages: 37 Posted: 20 Apr 2016
Ximena Clark, Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
World Bank, University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 235 (251,429)
Citation 1

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The Heckscher-Ohlin Model between 1400 and 2000: When it Explained Factor Price Convergence, When it Did Not, and Why

NBER Working Paper No. w7411
Number of pages: 68 Posted: 20 Sep 1996 Last Revised: 03 Apr 2022
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 133 (414,381)
Citation 4

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The Heckscher-Ohlin Model between 1400 and 2000: When it Explained Factor Price Convergence, When it Did Not, and Why

NBER Working Paper No. w7411
Number of pages: 68 Posted: 14 Dec 1999 Last Revised: 04 Apr 2001
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 84 (576,595)

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A Dual Policy Paradox: Why Have Trade and Immigration Policies Always Differed in Labor-Scarce Economies?

IZA Discussion Paper No. 2146
Number of pages: 39 Posted: 31 May 2006
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 188 (308,603)

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tariffs, immigration restriction, international policy, economic history

A Dual Policy Paradox: Why Have Trade and Immigration Policies Always Differed in Labor-Scarce Economies?

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5443
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 20 Apr 2006
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 19 (1,031,495)
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Tariffs, immigration restriction, policy, history

19.

Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia

NBER Working Paper No. w6268
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 07 Aug 2000 Last Revised: 19 Aug 2022
David E. Bloom and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 207 (283,284)
Citation 43

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20.

Globalization, Convergence and History

NBER Working Paper No. w5259
Number of pages: 45 Posted: 02 Sep 2000 Last Revised: 16 Nov 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 170 (339,938)
Citation 4

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The Impact of Globalization on Pre-Industrial, Technologically Quiescent Economies

NBER Working Paper No. h0115
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 10 Sep 1999 Last Revised: 27 Apr 2023
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 55 (724,936)

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The Impact of Globalization on Pre-Industrial, Technologically Quiescent Economies

NBER Working Paper No. h0115
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 19 Jun 2000
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 49 (763,872)

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The Impact of Globalization on Pre-Industrial, Technologically Quiescent Economies

NBER Working Paper No. h0115
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 11 Jan 2012 Last Revised: 14 Jan 2012
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 30 (916,644)

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The Impact of Globalization on Pre-Industrial, Technologically Quiescent Economies

NBER Working Paper No. w7146
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 12 Jul 2012 Last Revised: 13 Jul 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 17 (1,054,743)

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Globalization, Growth and Distribution in Spain 1500-1913

IIIS Discussion Paper No. 212
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 18 Apr 2007
Joan R. Rosés, Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
London School of Economics, University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 95 (532,696)

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Growth, distribution, globalization, Spain

Globalization, Growth and Distribution in Spain 1500-1913

NBER Working Paper No. w13055
Number of pages: 55 Posted: 27 Jun 2007 Last Revised: 04 Sep 2022
Joan R. Roses, Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 51 (750,603)

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Globalization, Growth and Distribution in Spain 1500-1913

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP6356
Number of pages: 57 Posted: 23 May 2008
Kevin H. O'Rourke, Joan R. Roses and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 3 (1,222,121)
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Distribution, globalization, growth, Spain

Did Vasco Da Gama Matter for European Markets? Testing Frederick Lane's Hypotheses Fifty Years Later

IIIS Discussion Paper No. 118
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 08 Aug 2006
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 89 (555,911)
Citation 1

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Did Vasco Da Gama Matter for European Markets? Testing Frederick Lane's Hypotheses Fifty Years Later

NBER Working Paper No. w11884
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 20 Jul 2006 Last Revised: 26 Dec 2022
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 47 (777,608)
Citation 3

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Did Vasco Da Gama Matter for European Markets? Testing Frederick Lane's Hypotheses Fifty Years Later

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5418
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 27 Mar 2006
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 13 (1,101,676)
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Market integration, spice trade, Voyages of Discovery

24.

Racism, Xenophobia or Markets? The Political Economy of Immigration Policy Prior to the Thirties

NBER Working Paper No. w5867
Number of pages: 75 Posted: 13 Jul 2000 Last Revised: 15 Jul 2022
Ashley S. Timmer and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 133 (413,300)
Citation 4

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25.

The Terms of Trade and Economic Growth in the Periphery 1870-1938

NBER Working Paper No. w9940
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 02 Sep 2003 Last Revised: 31 Aug 2022
Christopher Blattman, Jason Hwang and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy, Harvard University - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 127 (428,072)

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Capital Goods Prices, Global Capital Markets and Accumulation: 1870-1950

NBER Working Paper No. w7145
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 12 Jul 2000 Last Revised: 11 Jul 2022
William J. Collins and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Vanderbilt University - College of Arts and Science - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 66 (662,285)
Citation 3

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Capital Goods Prices, Global Capital Markets and Accumulation, 1870-1950

NBER Working Paper No. h0116
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 30 Dec 2006 Last Revised: 28 Apr 2023
William J. Collins and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Vanderbilt University - College of Arts and Science - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 60 (695,380)

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Commodity Price Volatility and World Market Integration Since 1700

NBER Working Paper No. w14748
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 21 Feb 2009 Last Revised: 26 Oct 2022
David S. Jacks, Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
National University of Singapore (NUS), Department of Economics, University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 121 (446,121)

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Commodity Price Volatility and World Market Integration Since 1700

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP7190
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 11 Mar 2009
David S. Jacks, Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
National University of Singapore (NUS), Department of Economics, University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 4 (1,209,332)
Citation 13
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Commodity prices, development, history, volatility

28.

Where Did British Foreign Capital Go? Fundamentals, Failures and the Lucas Paradox: 1870-1913

NBER Working Paper No. w8028
Number of pages: 66 Posted: 02 Dec 2000 Last Revised: 10 Dec 2022
Michael A. Clemens and Jeffrey G. Williamson
George Mason University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 120 (446,960)
Citation 1

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29.

Where Do U.S. Immigrants Come from, and Why?

NBER Working Paper No. w8998
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 13 Jun 2002 Last Revised: 04 Aug 2022
Ximena Clark, Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
World Bank, University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 113 (467,629)

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30.

Ottoman De-Industrialization 1800-1913: Assessing the Shock, its Impact and the Response

NBER Working Paper No. w14763
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 05 Mar 2009
Sevket Pamuk and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Bogazici University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 111 (473,933)

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31.

Mass Migration, Commodity Market Integration and Real Wage Convergence: The Late Nineteenth Century Atlantic Economy

NBER Working Paper No. h0048
Number of pages: 55 Posted: 05 Feb 2001 Last Revised: 19 Feb 2023
Jeffrey G. Williamson, Kevin H. O'Rourke and Timothy J. Hatton
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus, University of Dublin, Trinity College and University of Essex - Department of Economics
Downloads 106 (489,839)
Citation 1

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From Malthus to Ohlin: Trade, Growth and Distribution Since 1500

NBER Working Paper No. w8955
Number of pages: 57 Posted: 24 May 2002 Last Revised: 22 Dec 2022
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 76 (612,302)

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From Malthus to Ohlin: Trade, Growth and Distribution Since 1500

Number of pages: 59 Posted: 18 Jul 2002
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 23 (986,933)
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Malthus, growth, trade, distribution

33.

What Drove the Mass Migrations from Europe in the Late Nineteenth Century?

NBER Working Paper No. h0043
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 28 Feb 2002 Last Revised: 13 Feb 2023
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 98 (517,206)

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The Impact of the Terms of Trade on Economic Development in the Periphery, 1870-1939: Volatility and Secular Change

NBER Working Paper No. w10600
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 09 Jul 2004 Last Revised: 19 Dec 2022
Christopher Blattman, Jason Hwang and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy, Harvard University - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 73 (626,632)

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The Impact of the Terms of Trade on Economic Development in the Periphery, 1870-1939: Volatility and Secular Change

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5073
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 04 Aug 2005
Christopher Blattman, Jason Hwang and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy, Harvard University - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 23 (986,933)
Citation 2
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Terms of trade, volatility, growth, periphery

35.

Asian Demography and Foreign Capital Dependence

NBER Working Paper No. w5560
Number of pages: 68 Posted: 16 Aug 1999 Last Revised: 13 Mar 2022
Matthew Higgins and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Independent and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 94 (531,496)
Citation 1

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Lost Decades: Lessons from Post-Independence Latin America for Today's Africa

NBER Working Paper No. w12610
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 27 Oct 2006 Last Revised: 17 Dec 2022
Robert Bates, John H. Coatsworth and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Government, Harvard University - Department of History and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 62 (684,118)
Citation 1

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Lost Decades: Lessons from Post-Independence Latin America for Today's Africa

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5932
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 03 Jan 2007
Robert Bates, John H. Coatsworth and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Government, Harvard University - Department of History and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 26 (955,621)
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Lost decades, Africa, Latin America, development, economic history

37.

Mughal Decline, Climate Change, and Britain's Industrial Ascent: An Integrated Perspective on India's 18th and 19th Century Deindustrialization

NBER Working Paper No. w11730
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 25 Jan 2006 Last Revised: 22 Jul 2022
David Clingingsmith and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Case Western Reserve University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 88 (553,950)

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38.

The Roots of Latin American Protectionism: Looking Before the Great Depression

NBER Working Paper No. w8999
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 13 Jun 2002 Last Revised: 05 Aug 2022
John H. Coatsworth and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of History and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 87 (557,852)

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39.

History Without Evidence: Latin American Inequality Since 1491

NBER Working Paper No. w14766
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 05 Mar 2009 Last Revised: 08 May 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 86 (561,831)

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40.

American Incomes 1774-1860

NBER Working Paper No. w18396
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 15 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 08 Apr 2023
Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of California, Davis - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 85 (565,790)

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41.

A Tariff-Growth Paradox? Protection's Impact the World Around 1875-1997

NBER Working Paper No. w8459
Number of pages: 61 Posted: 03 Sep 2001 Last Revised: 14 Aug 2022
Michael A. Clemens and Jeffrey G. Williamson
George Mason University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 85 (565,790)
Citation 1

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42.

Commodity Price Shocks and the Australian Economy Since Federation

NBER Working Paper No. w14694
Number of pages: 45 Posted: 31 Jan 2009 Last Revised: 27 Aug 2022
Sambit Bhattacharyya and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Australian National University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 82 (577,909)

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43.

Growth, Distribution and Demography: Some Lessons from History

NBER Working Paper No. w6244
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 03 Sep 2000 Last Revised: 25 Jul 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 79 (590,627)
Citation 1

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44.
Downloads 75 (608,102)
Citation 5

Demographic Dividends Revisited

Asian Development Review 30:2
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 06 Apr 2016
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 72 (631,601)
Citation 2

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demographic transitions, demographic dividends, growth, inequality, Asia

Demographic Dividends Revisited

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP9390
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 19 Mar 2013
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 3 (1,222,121)
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Asia., demographic dividends, Demographic transitions, growth, inequality

45.

Were Heckscher and Ohlin Right? Putting the Factor-Price-Equalization Theorem Back into History

NBER Working Paper No. h0037
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 27 Jun 2007 Last Revised: 08 Feb 2023
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 75 (608,102)

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46.

Was it Stolper-Samuelson, Infant Industry or Something Else? World Trade Tariffs 1789-1938

NBER Working Paper No. w9656
Number of pages: 54 Posted: 27 Apr 2003 Last Revised: 22 May 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 74 (612,652)

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47.

American Colonial Incomes, 1650-1774

NBER Working Paper No. w19861
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 25 Jan 2014 Last Revised: 09 Apr 2023
Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of California, Davis - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 72 (621,927)

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48.

Why Did the Tariff-Growth Correlation Reverse after 1950?

NBER Working Paper No. w9181
Number of pages: 64 Posted: 14 Sep 2002 Last Revised: 04 Aug 2022
Michael A. Clemens and Jeffrey G. Williamson
George Mason University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 72 (621,927)
Citation 20

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49.

The Evolution of Global Labor Markets Since 1830 Background Evidence and Hypotheses

NBER Working Paper No. h0036
Number of pages: 92 Posted: 09 Jul 2004 Last Revised: 06 Feb 2023
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 71 (626,628)
Citation 6

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50.

Freight Rates and Productivity Gains in British Tramp Shipping 1869-1950

NBER Working Paper No. w9531
Number of pages: 67 Posted: 06 Mar 2003 Last Revised: 18 Jul 2022
Saif I. Shah Mohammed and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Cornerstone Research and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 69 (636,143)
Citation 11

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51.

Terms of Trade Shocks and Economic Performance 1870-1940: Prebisch and Singer Revisited

NBER Working Paper No. w8188
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 24 Mar 2001 Last Revised: 17 Nov 2022
Yael S. Hadass and Jeffrey G. Williamson
affiliation not provided to SSRN and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 69 (636,143)

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Poverty Traps, Distance, and Diversity: The Migration Connection

NBER Working Paper No. w12549
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 06 Oct 2006 Last Revised: 17 Apr 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 52 (743,975)

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Poverty Traps, Distance and Diversity: The Migration Connection

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5891
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 28 Dec 2006
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 15 (1,078,085)
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Migration, ethnic diversity, emigrant life cycle

53.

Globalization and the Great Divergence: Terms of Trade Booms and Volatility in the Poor Periphery 1782-1913

NBER Working Paper No. w13841
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 10 Mar 2008 Last Revised: 29 Oct 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 66 (650,987)
Citation 7

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Inequality and Schooling Responses to Globalization Forces: Lessons from History

NBER Working Paper No. w12553
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 06 Oct 2006 Last Revised: 26 Oct 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 48 (770,690)
Citation 3

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Inequality and Schooling Responses to Globalization Forces: Lessons from History

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5892
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 28 Dec 2006
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 17 (1,054,743)
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Emigration, immigration, schooling, brain drain, inequality

55.

What Determines Immigration's Impact? Comparing Two Global Centuries

NBER Working Paper No. w12414
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 13 Aug 2006 Last Revised: 02 Jan 2023
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 64 (661,163)

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56.

Were Trade and Factor Mobility Substitutes in History?

NBER Working Paper No. w6059
Number of pages: 49 Posted: 10 Jun 2000 Last Revised: 24 Jul 2022
William J. Collins, Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Vanderbilt University - College of Arts and Science - Department of Economics, University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 64 (661,163)
Citation 3

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57.

Five Centuries of Latin American Inequality

NBER Working Paper No. w15305
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 31 Aug 2009 Last Revised: 28 Apr 2023
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 62 (671,542)
Citation 3

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58.

Land, Labor and Globalization in the Pre-Industrial Third World

NBER Working Paper No. w7784
Number of pages: 67 Posted: 19 Jul 2000 Last Revised: 10 Apr 2022
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 62 (671,542)
Citation 1

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59.

A Dual Policy Paradox: Why Have Trade and Immigration Policies Always Differed in Labor-Scarce Economies

NBER Working Paper No. w11866
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 09 Mar 2006 Last Revised: 05 Jun 2022
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 61 (676,852)

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60.

Open Economy Forces and Late 19th Century Scandinavian Catch-Up

NBER Working Paper No. w5112
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 20 Jul 2000 Last Revised: 22 Dec 2022
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 60 (682,155)

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61.

The Impact of Imigration on American Labor Markets Prior to the Quotas

NBER Working Paper No. w5185
Number of pages: 61 Posted: 26 Apr 2000 Last Revised: 03 Sep 2022
Timothy J. Hutton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
affiliation not provided to SSRN and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 57 (698,457)

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Globalization, De-Industrialization and Mexican Exceptionalism 1750-1879

NBER Working Paper No. w12316
Number of pages: 67 Posted: 22 Aug 2006 Last Revised: 28 Aug 2022
Universidad Complutense Madrid - Department of Economic History, Center for Research and Teaching of Economics (CIDE) - Division of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 52 (743,975)
Citation 2

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Globalization, De-Industrialization and Mexican Exceptionalism 1750-1879

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 6300
Number of pages: 69 Posted: 23 May 2008
Center for Research and Teaching of Economics (CIDE) - Division of Economics, Universidad Complutense Madrid - Department of Economic History and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
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Deindustrialization, globalization, growth, Mexico and trade

63.

Latin American Growth-Inequality Trade-Offs: The Impact of Insurgence and Independence

NBER Working Paper No. w15680
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 25 Jan 2010 Last Revised: 07 May 2023
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 55 (709,956)

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64.

American Incomes Before and after the Revolution

NBER Working Paper No. w17211
Number of pages: 72 Posted: 11 Jul 2011 Last Revised: 13 Jul 2023
Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of California, Davis - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 54 (715,787)
Citation 4

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65.

Closed Jaguar, Open Dragon: Comparing Tariffs in Latin America and Asia Before World War Ii

NBER Working Paper No. w9401
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 21 Dec 2002 Last Revised: 11 Mar 2022
Michael A. Clemens and Jeffrey G. Williamson
George Mason University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 54 (715,787)
Citation 1

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66.

International Migration and World Development: A Historical Perspective

NBER Working Paper No. h0041
Number of pages: 79 Posted: 07 Jun 2004 Last Revised: 12 Feb 2023
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 53 (721,668)

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67.

"Convergence in the Age of Mass Migration"

NBER Working Paper No. w4711
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 18 May 2011 Last Revised: 17 Nov 2022
Alan M. Taylor and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Columbia University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 50 (740,350)
Citation 11

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68.

When, Where, and Why? Early Industrialization in the Poor Periphery 1870-1940

NBER Working Paper No. w16344
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 13 Sep 2010 Last Revised: 27 Feb 2023
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 50 (740,350)

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69.

Late-Comers to Mass Emigration: The Latin Experience

NBER Working Paper No. h0047
Number of pages: 57 Posted: 27 Jun 2007 Last Revised: 18 Feb 2023
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 50 (740,350)

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70.

"Around the European Periphery 1870-1913: Globalization, Schooling and Growth"

NBER Working Paper No. w5392
Number of pages: 69 Posted: 16 Jun 2000 Last Revised: 26 Sep 2022
Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 50 (740,350)
Citation 4

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Industrial Catching Up in the Poor Periphery 1870-1975

NBER Working Paper No. w16809
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 28 Feb 2011 Last Revised: 07 Jun 2023
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 44 (799,310)

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Industrial Catching Up in the Poor Periphery 1870-1975

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP8335
Number of pages: 63 Posted: 18 Apr 2011
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 5 (1,197,143)
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Early Third World industrialization, history, input costs, productivity, trade policy, world markets

72.

Capital Flows to the New World as an Intergenerational Transfer

NBER Working Paper No. h0032
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 29 Dec 2006 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2023
Alan M. Taylor and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Columbia University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 46 (766,238)

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The Spread of Manufacturing to the Poor Periphery 1870---2007

NBER Working Paper No. w18221
Number of pages: 79 Posted: 15 Jul 2012 Last Revised: 16 Apr 2023
Agustín S. Bénétrix, Kevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Trinity College (Dublin), University of Oxford and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 44 (799,310)
Citation 1

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The Spread of Manufacturing to the Periphery 1870-2007: Eight Stylized Facts

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP9060
Number of pages: 88 Posted: 28 Sep 2012
Agustín S. Bénétrix, Kevin O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Trinity College (Dublin), University of Oxford and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 1 (1,250,623)
Citation 1
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history, Third World industrialization

74.

Was it Prices, Productivity or Policy? The Timing and Pace of Latin American Industrialization after 1870

NBER Working Paper No. w13990
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 16 May 2008 Last Revised: 24 Sep 2022
Aurora Gomez and Jeffrey G. Williamson
affiliation not provided to SSRN and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 41 (801,441)

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75.

The Social Implications of Sugar: Living Costs, Real Incomes and Inequality in Jamaica C1774

NBER Working Paper No. w23897
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 09 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 19 Apr 2023
Trevor Burnard, Laura Panza and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Melbourne, University of Melbourne and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 39 (816,253)
Citation 1

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76.

An Economic Rationale for the African Scramble: The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1845-1885

NBER Working Paper No. w21213
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 01 Jun 2015 Last Revised: 19 Jun 2022
Ewout Frankema, Jeffrey G. Williamson and Pieter Woltjer
Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus and Wageningen University and Research (WUR)
Downloads 38 (823,979)
Citation 4

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77.
Downloads 38 (823,979)

Vanishing Third World Emigrants?

NBER Working Paper No. w14785
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 17 Mar 2009 Last Revised: 26 Nov 2022
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 35 (871,286)

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Vanishing Third World Emigrants?

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP7222
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 07 Apr 2009
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
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development, emigration, life cycle, Third World

78.

Latin American Inequality: Colonial Origins, Commodity Booms, or a Missed 20th Century Leveling?

NBER Working Paper No. w20915
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 02 Feb 2015 Last Revised: 24 Feb 2023
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 36 (839,690)
Citation 3

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79.

What Determines Immigrations' Impact? Comparing Two Global Centuries

CEPR Discussion Paper No. 5885
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 28 Dec 2006
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Essex - Department of Economics and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 29 (899,543)
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Immigration, capital mobility, labour market impact, policy, history

80.

Australian Squatters, Convicts, and Capitalists: Dividing Up a Fast-Growing Frontier Pie 1821-1871

NBER Working Paper No. w23416
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 24 May 2017 Last Revised: 26 Jun 2022
Laura Panza and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Melbourne and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 22 (967,287)

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81.

Australian Exceptionalism? Inequality and Living Standards 1821-1871

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP11756
Number of pages: 39 Posted: 09 Jan 2017
Jeffrey G. Williamson and Laura Panza
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus and University of Melbourne
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Colonial Australia, exceptionalism, growth, inequality, living standards

82.

Did Muhammad Ali Foster Industrialization in Early 19th Century Egypt?

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP9363
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 26 Feb 2013
Laura Panza and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Melbourne and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 2 (1,187,103)
Citation 1
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19th century, de-industrialization, Egypt, industrial policy, trade

83.

Philippine Inequality Across the Twentieth Century: Slim Evidence But Fat Questions

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP12481
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 12 Dec 2017
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 1 (1,199,911)
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inequality, the Philippines, twentieth century

84.

The Commodity Export, Growth, and Distribution Connection in Southeast Asia 1500-1940

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP9364
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 26 Feb 2013
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
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Citation 2
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commodities, development, distribution, southeast Asia, trade

85.

Always Egalitarian? Australian Earnings Inequality 1870-1910

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP13520
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 19 Feb 2019 Last Revised: 19 Aug 2019
Laura Panza and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Melbourne and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
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86.

From Commodity Booms to Economic Miracles: Why Southeast Asian Industry Lagged Behind

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP10611
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 27 May 2015
Jean-Pascal Bassino and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Université Lyon 1 - Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
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history, Manufacturing growth, Southeast Asia

87.

Distributional Impact of Commodity Price Shocks: Australia Over a Century

CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP9582
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 08 Aug 2013
Sambit Bhattacharyya and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Australian National University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
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Australia, commodity exporters, commodity price shocks, income inequality

88.

Commodity Prices Over Two Centuries: Trends, Volatility, and Impact

Annual Review of Resource Economics, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 185-206, 2012
Posted: 22 Sep 2012
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus

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89.

Were Trade and Factor Mobility Substitutes in History?

Posted: 14 Jan 1998
William J. Collins, Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson
Vanderbilt University - College of Arts and Science - Department of Economics, University of Dublin, Trinity College and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus

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Other Papers (1)

Total Downloads: 497
1.

Who Protected and Why? Tariffs the World Around 1870-1938

Number of pages: 62 Posted: 05 Aug 2003
Christopher Blattman, Michael A. Clemens and Jeffrey G. Williamson
University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy, George Mason University and Harvard University - Department of Economics, Laird Bell Professor of Economics, Emeritus
Downloads 497

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