Andrew Toole

United States Patent and Trademark Office

Alexandria

VA 22313-1451

United States

  • United States Patent and Trademark Office

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

28

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10,793

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Top 4,337

in Total Papers Citations

117

CROSSREF CITATIONS

242

Scholarly Papers (28)

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1.

Patent Litigation Data from US District Court Electronic Records (1963-2015)

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 2017-06
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 29 Mar 2017
Alan C. Marco, Asrat Tesfayesus and Andrew Toole
Georgia Institute of Technology - School of Public Policy, United States Patent and Trademark Office and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 3,947 (4,301)
Citation 8

Abstract:

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Patents, Litigation, Intellectual Property

2.

Identifying Artificial Intelligence (AI) Invention: A Novel AI Patent Dataset

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 2021-2, The Journal of Technology Transfer
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 30 Jun 2021 Last Revised: 15 Nov 2021
Alexander V. Giczy, Nicholas A. Pairolero and Andrew Toole
United States Patent and Trademark Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 2,098 (12,071)
Citation 2

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patent, patent landscape, artificial intelligence, AI, machine learning, patent dataset

3.

USPTO Patent Prosecution and Examiner Performance Appraisal

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 2017-08
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 01 Jul 2017
Alan C. Marco, Andrew Toole, Richard Miller and Jesse Frumkin
Georgia Institute of Technology - School of Public Policy, United States Patent and Trademark Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 875 (44,259)
Citation 4

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USPTO, patent examination, examiner incentives

4.

PatentsView: An Open Data Platform to Advance Science and Technology Policy

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 2021-1
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 30 Jun 2021
Andrew Toole, Christina Jones and Sarvothaman Madhavan
United States Patent and Trademark Office, American Institutes for Research and American Institutes for Research
Downloads 417 (113,464)
Citation 1

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Patent data, big data, data science, innovation, science and technology policy

5.

Individual versus Institutional Ownership of University-Discovered Inventions

Downloads 314 (155,286)
Citation 5

Individual versus Institutional Ownership of University-Discovered Inventions

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 2017-07
Number of pages: 45 Posted: 01 Jul 2017
Dirk Czarnitzki, Thorsten Doherr, Katrin Hussinger, Paula Schliessler and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Universite du Luxembourg, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 124 (361,423)
Citation 2

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Intellectual property, patents, technology transfer, policy evaluation

Individual versus Institutional Ownership of University-Discovered Inventions

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 15-007
Number of pages: 67 Posted: 26 Feb 2015
Dirk Czarnitzki, Thorsten Doherr, Katrin Hussinger, Paula Schliessler and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Universite du Luxembourg, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 116 (379,760)
Citation 6

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Intellectual property, patents, technology transfer, policy evaluation

Individual Versus Institutional Ownership of University-Discovered Inventions

Number of pages: 41 Posted: 29 Jan 2015
Dirk Czarnitzki, Thorsten Doherr, Katrin Hussinger, Paula Schliessler and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Universite du Luxembourg, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 74 (510,518)
Citation 2

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Intellectual property, patents, technology transfer, policy evaluation

6.

The Dynamic Relationship between Investments in Brand Equity and Firm Profitability: Evidence Using Trademark Registrations

Downloads 309 (157,930)
Citation 11

The Dynamic Relationship between Investments in Brand Equity and Firm Profitability: Evidence Using Trademark Registrations

USPTO Economic Working Paper 2016-1
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 06 Oct 2016
Dirk Crass, Dirk Czarnitzki and Andrew Toole
ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 154 (304,244)
Citation 1

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Brand Equity, Firm Profitability, Intellectual Property Rights, Trademarks

The Dynamic Relationship between Investments in Brand Equity and Firm Profitability: Evidence Using Trademark Registrations

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 16-04
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 05 Apr 2016
Dirk Crass, Dirk Czarnitzki and Andrew Toole
ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 87 (463,021)
Citation 10

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Brand Equity, Firm Profitability, Intellectual Property Rights, Trademarks

The Dynamic Relationship between Investments in Brand Equity and Firm Profitability: Evidence Using Trademark Registrations

Number of pages: 35 Posted: 01 Feb 2016
Dirk Crass, Dirk Czarnitzki and Andrew Toole
ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 68 (535,352)
Citation 1

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Brand Equity, Firm Profitability, Intellectual Property Rights, Trademarks

7.

Exploring the Relationship Between Scientist Human Capital and Firm Performance: The Case of Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurs in the SBIR Program

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 07-011
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 28 Feb 2007 Last Revised: 14 Jun 2014
Andrew Toole and Dirk Czarnitzki
United States Patent and Trademark Office and KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation
Downloads 278 (176,379)
Citation 8

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Academic Entrepreneurship, SBIR Program, Human Capital, Biotechnology

8.

Closing the Gender Gap in Patenting: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial at the USPTO

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 1, 2022
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 14 Nov 2022 Last Revised: 03 Jan 2023
Nicholas A. Pairolero, Andrew Toole, Peter-Anthony Pappas, Charles deGrazia and Mike Teodorescu
United States Patent and Trademark Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office, EMLV and University of Washington, Information School
Downloads 262 (187,186)

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RCT, patent, gender gap, invention, innovation

9.

The Promise of Machine Learning for Patent Landscaping

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 2020-1, Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal 2020-1
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 17 Mar 2020 Last Revised: 08 Nov 2021
Andrew Toole, Nicholas A. Pairolero, James Forman and Alexander V. Giczy
United States Patent and Trademark Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office, Google and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 259 (189,345)
Citation 1

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patent landscape, machine learning, keyword and classification search

10.

Using Intellectual Property Data to Measure Cross-border Knowledge Flows

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 2019-02
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 14 May 2019
Jake Dubbert, Alexander V. Giczy, Nicholas A. Pairolero and Andrew Toole
University of Denver, United States Patent and Trademark Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 253 (193,828)

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intellectual property, measurement, technology transfer, international knowledge flows

11.

Patent Protection, Market Uncertainty, and R&D Investment

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 06-056
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 22 Aug 2006 Last Revised: 26 Aug 2008
Dirk Czarnitzki and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 240 (204,855)
Citation 15

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Real Options Theory, Uncertainty, R&D, Intellectual Property Protection, Censored Regression

12.

Innovation Activities and Business Cycles: Are Trademarks a Leading Indicator?

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 2019-04
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 26 Jul 2019 Last Revised: 23 Sep 2019
Charles deGrazia, Amanda Myers and Andrew Toole
EMLV, United States Patent and Trademark Office and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 165 (286,832)

Abstract:

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trademark, leading economic indicator, innovation

13.

The R&D Investment-Uncertainty Relationship: Do Competition and Firm Size Matter?

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 08-013
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 10 Mar 2008 Last Revised: 14 Aug 2008
Dirk Czarnitzki and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 159 (295,988)
Citation 2

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Real Options Theory, Uncertainty, R&D, Competition, Firm Size

14.

The Impact of Public Basic Research on Industrial Innovation: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 11-063
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 12 Jan 2012
Andrew Toole
United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 156 (300,675)
Citation 19

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R&D, NIH, social return, biomedical, research lags, public science, new molecular entities

15.

Is Public R&D a Complement or Substitute for Private R&D? A Review of the Econometric Evidence

NBER Working Paper No. w7373
Number of pages: 72 Posted: 20 Mar 2000 Last Revised: 26 Aug 2022
Paul A. David, Bronwyn H. Hall and Andrew Toole
Stanford University - Department of Economics, University of California at Berkeley and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 143 (322,848)
Citation 29

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16.

University Spinoffs and the 'Performance Premium'

Downloads 130 (347,555)
Citation 2

University Spinoffs and the 'Performance Premium'

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 13-004
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 31 Jan 2013
Dirk Czarnitzki, Christian Rammer and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research - Industrial Economics and International Management Research and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 82 (480,378)
Citation 2

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Academic Entrepreneurship, Startups, Firm Performance, Technology Transfer, Open Science, University Spinoff Policy, Human Capital, Social Capital

University Spinoffs and the 'Performance Premium'

Number of pages: 32 Posted: 26 Mar 2013
Dirk Czarnitzki, Christian Rammer and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research - Industrial Economics and International Management Research and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 48 (635,779)
Citation 8

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Academic Entrepreneurship, Startups, Firm performance, Technology Transfer, Open Science, University Spinoff Policy, Human Capital, Social Capital

17.

Knowledge Creates Markets: The Influence of Entrepreneurial Support and Patent Rights on Academic Entrepreneurship

Downloads 123 (364,341)

Knowledge Creates Markets: The Influence of Entrepreneurial Support and Patent Rights on Academic Entrepreneurship

USPTO Economic Working Paper 2016-2
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 06 Oct 2016
Dirk Czarnitzki, Thorsten Doherr, Katrin Hussinger, Paula Schliessler and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Universite du Luxembourg, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 89 (459,653)

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Intellectual Property, Patents, Technology Transfer, Policy Evaluation

Knowledge Creates Markets: The Influence of Entrepreneurial Support and Patent Rights on Academic Entrepreneurship

European Economic Review, Forthcoming, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business, MSI_1604
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 21 May 2016
Dirk Czarnitzki, Thorsten Doherr, Katrin Hussinger, Paula Schliessler and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, Universite du Luxembourg, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 34 (726,819)

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Intellectual property, patents, technology transfer, policy evaluation

18.

How Does Initial Public Financing Influence Private Incentives for Follow-On Investment in Early-Stage Technologies?

Journal of Technology Transfer, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 08 Dec 2007
Andrew Toole and Calum G. Turvey
United States Patent and Trademark Office and Cornell University - School of Applied Economics and Management
Downloads 118 (373,326)
Citation 4

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R&D, real options, uncertainty, public subsidies, innovation

19.

Business R&D and the Interplay of R&D Subsidies and Market Uncertainty

Review of Industrial Organization, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2007, ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 06-055
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 22 Aug 2006 Last Revised: 26 Aug 2008
Dirk Czarnitzki and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 99 (422,632)

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Real Options Theory, Uncertainty, R&D, Censored Regression

20.

Delay and Secrecy: Does Industry Sponsorship Jeopardize Disclosure of Academic Research?

Downloads 91 (446,165)
Citation 7

Delay and Secrecy: Does Industry Sponsorship Jeopardize Disclosure of Academic Research?

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 11-009
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 12 Feb 2011
Dirk Czarnitzki, Christoph Grimpe, Christoph Grimpe and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW Centre for European Economic ResearchCopenhagen Business School - Department of Innovation and Organizational Economics and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 58 (581,880)
Citation 7

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Open Science, Research Funding, Industry Sponsorship, Disclosure, Secrecy

Delay and Secrecy: Does Industry Sponsorship Jeopardize Disclosure of Academic Research?

Number of pages: 29 Posted: 20 Mar 2011
Dirk Czarnitzki, Christoph Grimpe, Christoph Grimpe and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW Centre for European Economic ResearchCopenhagen Business School - Department of Innovation and Organizational Economics and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 33 (734,063)
Citation 7

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open science, research funding, industry sponsorship, disclosure, secrecy

21.

University Research Alliances, Absorptive Capacity, and the Contribution of Startups to Employment Growth

Downloads 87 (458,804)

University Research Alliances, Absorptive Capacity, and the Contribution of Startups to Employment Growth

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 14-094
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 04 Dec 2014
Andrew Toole, Dirk Czarnitzki and Christian Rammer
United States Patent and Trademark Office, KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation and ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research - Industrial Economics and International Management Research
Downloads 44 (659,742)

Abstract:

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Academic Entrepreneurship, Startups, Firm performance, Technology Transfer, University Spinoff Policy, Human Capital

University Research Alliances, Absorptive Capacity, and the Contribution of Startups to Employment Growth

Number of pages: 29 Posted: 25 Nov 2014
Andrew Toole, Dirk Czarnitzki and Christian Rammer
United States Patent and Trademark Office, KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation and ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research - Industrial Economics and International Management Research
Downloads 43 (665,933)

Abstract:

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Academic Entrepreneurship, Startups, Firm performance, Technology Transfer, University Spinoff Policy, Human Capital

22.

The Miner Act of 2006: Innovating for Safety and Health in U.S. Mining

USPTO Economic Working Paper No. 2019-01
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 13 May 2019
Andrew Toole, James Forman and Asrat Tesfayesus
United States Patent and Trademark Office, Google and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 74 (504,483)
Citation 1

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23.

Industry-Science Connections in Agriculture: Do Public Science Collaborations and Knowledge Flows Contribute to Firm-Level Agricultural Research Productivity?

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 11-064
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 12 Jan 2012
Andrew Toole and John L. King
United States Patent and Trademark Office and University of California, Davis
Downloads 61 (558,310)
Citation 3

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public science, research productivity, patents, citations, collaboration, R&D, bibliometrics

24.

Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurship Through the Sbir Program

NBER Working Paper No. w11450
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 02 Aug 2005 Last Revised: 16 Oct 2022
Andrew Toole and Dirk Czarnitzki
United States Patent and Trademark Office and KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation
Downloads 53 (596,303)
Citation 5

Abstract:

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25.

Knowledge Creates Markets: The Influence of Entrepreneurial Support and Patent Rights on Academic Entrepreneurship

ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper No. 16-036
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 28 Apr 2016
Dirk Czarnitzki, Thorsten Doherr, Paula Schliessler and Andrew Toole
KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research and United States Patent and Trademark Office
Downloads 47 (628,002)
Citation 3

Abstract:

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Intellectual property, patents, technology transfer, policy evaluation

26.

Improving Health Through Nutrition Research: An Overview of the U.S. Nutrition Research System

USDA-ERS Economic Research Report Number 182
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 30 Dec 2015
Andrew Toole and Fred Kuchler
United States Patent and Trademark Office and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) - Economic Research Service (ERS)
Downloads 35 (700,389)
Citation 1

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Federal research, research and development, public investment, nutrition information system, Human Nutrition Research Information Management (HNRIM), formula funding, competitive funding

27.

Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurship Through the Sbir Program

Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 2006
Posted: 07 Jul 2006
Andrew Toole and Dirk Czarnitzki
United States Patent and Trademark Office and KU Leuven - Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy, and Innovation

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SBIR Program, entrepreneurship, real options, technology transfer, NIH

28.

Does Public Scientific Research Complement Private Research and Development Investment in the Pharmaceutical Industry?

Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 50, No. 1, February 2007, ZEW - Centre for European Economic Research Discussion
Posted: 12 Apr 2006 Last Revised: 08 Feb 2014
Andrew Toole
United States Patent and Trademark Office

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R&D, pharmaceuticals, Uncertainty, NIH, Distributed lag models