Bart Custers

Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies

(full) professor of law and data science/director of eLaw

2300 RA Leiden, NL-2300RA

Netherlands

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

94

DOWNLOADS

25,501

TOTAL CITATIONS

81

Scholarly Papers (94)

1.

AI in Criminal Law: An Overview of AI Applications in Substantive and Procedural Criminal Law

Custers, B.H.M. (2022) AI in Criminal Law: An Overview of AI Applications in Substantive and Procedural Criminal Law, in: B.H.M. Custers & E. Fosch Villaronga (eds.) Law and Artificial Intelligence, Heidelberg: Springer, p. 205-223.
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 24 Jan 2023
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 2,241 (14,610)

Abstract:

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cyber agent technology, deepfake technologies, evidence-based sanctioning, law enforcement technology, predictive policing, risk taxation instruments

2.

Drone Technology: Types, Payloads, Applications, Frequency Spectrum Issues and Future Developments

Vergouw B., Nagel H., Bondt G. & Custers B.H.M. (2016), Drone Technology: Types, Payloads, Applications, Frequency Spectrum Issues and Future Developments. In: Custers B.H.M. (red.) The Future of Drone Use. Heidelberg: Springer.
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 05 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 30 Jun 2019
Bas Vergouw, Huub Nagel, Geert Bondt and Bart Custers
Government of the Netherlands - The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC), De Haagse Hogenschool-The Hague, De Haagse Hogenschool-The Hague and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 2,101 (16,215)

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Autonomy, Propulsion, Fixed-Wing Drones, Multirotor Drones, Frequency Spectrum, Wireless Communication, Interference, Swarms, Miniaturisation, Sensors

3.

Pricing Privacy – The Right to Know the Value of Your Personal Data

Malgieri, G., and Custers, B. (2017) Pricing privacy: the right to know the value of your personal data, Computer Law & Security Review.
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 04 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 18 Dec 2017
Gianclaudio Malgieri and Bart Custers
Universiteit Leiden, eLaw and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 1,488 (27,685)
Citation 7

Abstract:

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Privacy, personal data, data subject rights, big data, digital identities, data economy

4.

A Comparison of Data Protection Legislation and Policies Across the EU

Custers, B., Dechesne, F., Sears, A., Tani, T., Van der Hof, S. (2017) A comparison of data protection legislation and policies across the EU, Computer Law & Security Review, DOI: 10.1016/j.clsr.2017.09.001
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 26 Dec 2017 Last Revised: 30 Jan 2019
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies, Center for Law and Digital Technologies (eLaw), Leiden Law School, Leiden University, Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies and Leiden University - Leiden Law School
Downloads 1,186 (38,715)
Citation 7

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privacy, data protection, comparative law, personal data, data protection authorities

5.

Artificiële intelligentie in het Strafrecht: een overzicht van actuele ontwikkelingen (Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Law: An Overview of Current Developments)

Custers, B.H.M. (2021) Artificiële intelligentie in het Strafrecht: een overzicht van actuele ontwikkelingen, Computerrecht, Nr. 4, 2021/157, p. 330-339.
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 17 Mar 2022
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 854 (61,332)

Abstract:

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AI, deepfakes, cyber agent technology, criminal law, big data analytics, predictive policing

6.

Nepnieuws, filterbubbels en echokamers (Fake News, Filter Bubbels and Echo Chambers)

Custers, B.H.M. (2019) Nepnieuws, filterbubbels en echokamers, In: S.van der Hof, B.H.M. Custers, F. Dechesne en E.L.O. Keymolen (eds.) Recht uit het hart, Universiteit Leiden: Meijers Instituut.
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 12 Mar 2019
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 847 (62,054)

Abstract:

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fake news, filter bubbels, echo chambers

7.

The Police Hack Back: Legitimacy, Necessity and Privacy Implications of the Next Step in Fighting Cybercrime

Pool R.L.D & Custers B.H.M. (2017), The Police Hack Back: Legitimacy, Necessity and Privacy Implications of The Next Step in Fighting Cybercrime, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2017(25): 123-144
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 04 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2017
Bart Custers and Ronald Pool
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Government of the Netherlands - The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC)
Downloads 682 (82,593)

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cybercrime, echr, hacking, investigative powers, privacy, technology in policing

8.

Regulating Initial Coin Offerings and Cryptocurrencies: A Comparison of Different Approaches in Nine Jurisdictions Worldwide

European Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 10, Issue 3, pp. 29, 2019
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 28 Feb 2020
Bart Custers and Lara Overwater
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Leiden University, Leiden Law School, Students
Downloads 681 (82,593)
Citation 2

Abstract:

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COs, bitcoins, blockchain technology, cryptocurrencies

9.

Consent and Privacy

Custers B.H.M., Dechesne F., Pieters W., Schermer B. & Hof S. van der (2018), Consent and Privacy. In: Müller A., Schaber P. (red.) The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Consent. London: Routledge. 247-258.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 30 May 2019
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies, Delft University of Technology, Leiden Law School and Leiden University - Leiden Law School
Downloads 624 (92,359)
Citation 2

Abstract:

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consent; privacy

10.

Big Data in Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Big Data in Scientific Research)

Custers B.H.M. (2016), Big Data in wetenschappelijk onderzoek, Justitiële Verkenningen 2016(1): 8-21.
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 26 Jul 2018
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 570 (103,628)

Abstract:

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big data, redlining, discrimination by proxy

11.

The Power of Knowledge Ethical, Legal and Technological Aspects of Data Mining and Group Profiling in Epidemiology

Custers B.H.M. (2004), The Power of Knowledge: Ethical, Legal and Technological Aspects of Data Mining and Group Profiling in Epidemiology. Tilburg: Wolf Legal Publishers, ISBN: 90-5850-085-3
Number of pages: 297 Posted: 18 Jun 2018
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 538 (111,406)

Abstract:

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profiling, data mining, privacy, data science

12.

Nieuwe online opsporingsbevoegdheden en het recht op privacy; een analyse van de Wet computercriminaliteit III (New Online Criminal Investigation Methods and the Right to Privacy: An Analysis of the Dutch Computer Crime Act III)

Justitiële Verkenningen, Vol. 44, No. 5, p. 100-117 (2018)
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 12 Dec 2018
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 534 (112,410)

Abstract:

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cybercrime, Privacy, NTD, hacking competences, law enforcement

13.

Using Sensitive Personal Data May Be Necessary for Avoiding Discrimination in Data-Driven Decision Models

Zliobaite I. & Custers B. (2016), Using sensitive personal data may be necessary for avoiding discrimination in data-driven decision models, Artificial Intelligence and Law (24): 183-201.
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 04 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2017
Indre Zliobaite and Bart Custers
Independent and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 530 (113,477)
Citation 10

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Non-discrimination,Fairness, Regression, Data mining

14.

Lists of Ethical, Legal, Societal and Economic Issues of Big Data Technologies

Custers B.H.M., La Fors K., Jozwiak M., Keymolen E., Bachlechner D., Friedewald, M. & Aguzzi S. (2017) Lists of ethical, legal, societal and economic issues of big data technologies. Report. Leiden: Leiden University.
Number of pages: 109 Posted: 28 Jan 2018 Last Revised: 04 Jun 2018
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies, Tilburg University, TILT, Tilburg University, Fraunhofer Institut für Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI and IDC - IDC
Downloads 482 (127,321)
Citation 1

Abstract:

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big data, ethics, data protection

15.

Laundering the Profits of Ransomware: Money Laundering Methods for Vouchers and Cryptocurrencies

Custers, B.H.M., Oerlemans, J.J., Pool, R. Laundering the Profits of Ransomware: Money Laundering Methods for Vouchers and Cryptocurrencies, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 28 (2020), p. 121-152
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 04 Nov 2020
Bart Custers, JanJaap Oerlemans and Ronald Pool
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies and Government of the Netherlands - The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC)
Downloads 476 (129,196)
Citation 1

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Ransomware, Cryptoware, Bitcoins, Cybercrime, Money Mules, Money Laundering.

16.

Profiling As Inferred Data. Amplifier Effects and Positive Feedback Loops

In: Emre Bayamlıoğlu, Irina Baraluic, Liisa Janssens and Mireille Hildebrandt (eds), BEING PROFILED:COGITAS ERGO SUM. 10 Years of Profiling the European Citizen, 2018: Amsterdam University Press., 112-115. DOI 10.5117/9789463722124/CH19.
Number of pages: 4 Posted: 18 Oct 2019
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 459 (135,098)
Citation 2

Abstract:

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profiling, inferred data, data mining, GDPR, algorithms

17.

Privacy Expectations of Social Media Users: The Role of Informed Consent in Privacy Policies

Custers B.H.M., Hof S. van der & Schermer B. (2014), Privacy Expectations of Social Media Users: The Role of Informed Consent in Privacy Policies, Policy and Internet 6(3): 268-295
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 05 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2017
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Leiden Law School and Leiden Law School
Downloads 406 (155,856)
Citation 5

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Informed Consent, Privacy Policy, User Expectations, Social Media

18.

Nieuwe digitale (grond)rechten (New Digital (Fundamental) Rights)

Custers, B.H.M. (2019) Nieuwe digitale (grond)rechten, Nederlands Juristenblad, afl. 44, p. 3288-3295.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 17 Mar 2022
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 376 (169,744)

Abstract:

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digital rights, fundamental rights, right to be forgotten, right to change your mind, right to internet access, richt to be offline

19.

Legal Big Data (Legal Big Data)

Custers B.H.M. & Leeuw F. (2017), Legal big data: Toepassingen voor de rechtspraktijk en juridisch onderzoek, Nederlands Juristenblad 2017(34): 2449-2456.
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 24 Jul 2018
Bart Custers and Frans L. Leeuw
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Maastricht University
Downloads 362 (177,645)

Abstract:

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legal big data, big data, legal practice, legal prediction models

20.

Informed Consent in Social Media Use – The Gap between User Expectations and EU Personal Data Protection Law

Custers B.H.M., Hof S. van der, Schermer B.W., Appleby-Arnold S., Brockdorff & N. (2013), Informed Consent in Social Media Use. The Gap between User Expectations and EU Personal Data Protection Law, Script-ed: A Journal of Law and Technology 10(4): 435-457
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 04 Oct 2017
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Leiden Law School, Leiden Law School, University of Malta - Department of Cognitive Science and University of Malta - Department of Cognitive Science
Downloads 352 (182,636)
Citation 2

Abstract:

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Consent, Data Protection, Privacy, Social Media

21.

The Law Enforcement Directive: Conceptual Issues of EU Directive 2016/680

Leiser, M.R. and Custers, B.H.M. (2019) The Law Enforcement Directive: Conceptual Issues of EU Directive 2016/680, European Data Protection Law Review. Vol. 5, nr. 3, p. 367-378.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 17 Mar 2022
M.R. Leiser and Bart Custers
Independent and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 335 (192,666)

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Law Enforcement Directive, Fundamental Rights, Consent, Law Enforcement Data, Directive 2016/680

22.

What Is Data Mining and How Does It Work?

Calders T. & Custers B.h.m. (2013), What Is Data Mining and How Does It Work?. In: Custers B.h.m., Calders T., Schermer B., Zarsky T. (Red.) Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society. Nr. 3 Heidelberg: Springer.
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 05 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 04 Jun 2018
Bart Custers and Toon Calders
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Independent
Downloads 326 (198,450)
Citation 1

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23.

Methods of Data Research for Law

Custers B.H.M. (2018), Methods of data research for law. In: Mak V., Tjong Tjin Tai E., Berlee A. (Eds.) Research Handbook in Data Science and Law. Research Handbooks in Information Law Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 355-377.
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 02 Jul 2019
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 317 (204,451)

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Law and data science, legal big dat, legal methodology, legal predictions

24.

Priceless Data: Why the EU Fundamental Right to Data Protection is at Odds with Trade in Personal Data

Custers, B.H.M., and Malgieri, G. (2022) Priceless data: why the EU fundamental right to data protection makes data ownership unsustainable, Computer Law & Security Review, Vol. 45, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105683.
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 20 Jan 2023
Bart Custers and Gianclaudio Malgieri
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Universiteit Leiden, eLaw
Downloads 312 (208,045)

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data ownership, data subject rights, digital single market, EU charter of fundamental rights, EU data economy, GDPR, right to data protection, inalienability for fundamental rights, personal data, privacy

25.

New Digital Rights: Imagining Additional Fundamental Rights for the Digital Era

Custers, B.H.M. (2022) New Digital Rights: Imagining additional fundamental rights for the digital era, Computer Law & Security Review, Vol. 44, p. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105636.
Number of pages: 13 Posted: 20 Jan 2023
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 303 (214,602)

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digital rights, the right to be offline, the right to internet access, the right not to know, the right to change your mind, value of personal data, clean digital environment, safe online environment

26.

Reuse of Data in Smart Cities: Legal and Ethical Frameworks for Big Data in the Public Arena

Custers, B.H.M. (2019) Reuse of data in smart cities: legal and ethical frameworks for big data in the public arena, in: F. Feldberg et al. (eds.) Appropriate use of data in public space: essay collection, Den Haag: NL Digitaal, p. 9-35., University of Groningen Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 47/2019
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 10 Dec 2019 Last Revised: 08 Jan 2020
Bart Custers and Sofia Ranchordas
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Tilburg Law School
Downloads 294 (221,634)

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data reuse, smart cities, data protection, big data, data ethics

27.

Cybercrime En Witwassen: Bitcoins, Online Dienstverleners En Andere Witwasmethoden Bij Banking Malware En Ransomware (Cybercrime and Money Laundering: Bitcoins, Payment Service Providers and Other Methods of Laundering Banking Malware and Ransomware Profits)

Oerlemans J.J., Custers B.H.M., Pool R.L.D. & Cornelisse R. (2016), Cybercrime En Witwassen: Bitcoins, Online Dienstverleners En Andere Witwasmethoden Bij Banking Malware En Ransomware. Onderzoek en beleid WODC no. 319. Meppel: Boom Criminologie
Number of pages: 152 Posted: 01 Mar 2018
Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Government of the Netherlands - The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC) and Government of the Netherlands - The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC)
Downloads 281 (232,384)
Citation 2

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bitcoins, money laundering, aml, ransomware, banking malware

28.

The Role of Consent in an Algorithmic Society – Its Evolution, Scope, Failings and Re-conceptualization

n. In: Kostas, E., Leenes, R., & Kamara, I (2022) Research Handbook on EU data protection. Edward Elgar Publishing, 455–473, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800371682.00027
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 25 Jan 2023
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden University - Leiden Law School, Leiden Law School, Center for Law and Digital Technologies (eLaw), Leiden Law School, Leiden University and University of Lausanne
Downloads 273 (239,415)

Abstract:

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consent, GDPR, data protection law, WP29, informed consent, unambiguous consent, explicit consent

29.

Technology in Policing: Experiences, Obstacles and Police Needs

Custers B.H.M. (2012), Technology in Policing: Experiences, Obstacles and Police Needs, Computer law & security report (1): 62-68
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 05 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 261 (251,553)
Citation 1

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Technology in Policing; Effectiveness; Promising Technologies; Legal Obstacles; Success Stories

30.

Het recht van de toekomst: technologieontwikkeling bezien vanuit het recht & Het recht bezien vanuit technologieontwikkeling (The Law of the Future: Technology Development from a Legal Perspective & The Law from a Technology Development Perspective)

Inaugural lecture by prof. dr. Bart Custers (Leiden University), held on May 21st 2021.
Number of pages: 60 Posted: 03 Jun 2021
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 256 (255,524)

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Law and Technology, IT law, Legal Technologies, LegalTech, Future, GDPR, Liability Law, Consumer Law, Digital Rights, Regulatory Balance, Innovation

31.

Technologie Voor Opsporing En Handhaving; Kansen, Ervaringen En Knelpunten (Promising Policing Technologies. Experiences, Obstacles and Police Needs Regarding Law Enforcement Technologies)

Custers B.H.M. & Vergouw S. (2016), Technologie voor opsporing en handhaving; kansen, ervaringen en knelpunten, Justitiële Verkenningen 2016(3): 48-67.
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 26 Jul 2018
Bart Custers and Bas Vergouw
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Government of the Netherlands - The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC)
Downloads 256 (255,524)

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technology in policing, wiretapping, DNA, criminal investigation, law enforcement

32.

Click Here to Consent Forever: Expiry Dates for Informed Consent

Big Data & Society, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp 1-6, January-June 2016
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 04 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 245 (267,000)
Citation 2

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Informed Consent, Big Data, Expiry Dates, Privacy, Personal Data

33.

De Bescherming Van Persoonsgegevens: Acht Europese Landen Vergeleken (The Protection of Personal Data: Comparison of Eight European Countries)

Custers B.H.M, Dechesne F., Georgieva I.N. & Hof S. van der (2017), De bescherming van persoonsgegevens: acht Europese landen vergeleken. Den Haag: SDU
Number of pages: 262 Posted: 01 Mar 2018
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies, Utrecht University and Leiden University - Leiden Law School
Downloads 244 (268,105)

Abstract:

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privacy, data protection, GDPR

34.

Persoonsgegevens in het strafrecht: weeffouten in EU-richtlijn 2016/680 leiden tot praktische problemen (Personal Data in Criminal Law: Flaws in EU Directive 2016/680 Lead to Implementation Issues)

Custers, B.H.M., Leiser, M.R. (2019) Persoonsgegevens in het strafrecht: weeffouten in EU-richtlijn 2016/680 leiden tot praktische problemen, Nederlands Juristenblad, afl. 34, p. 2490-2497
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 17 Mar 2022
Bart Custers and M.R. Leiser
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Independent
Downloads 238 (274,639)

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LED directive, directive 2016-680, privacy, data protection, criminal law, law enforcement

35.

Effects of Unreliable Group Profiling by Means of Data Mining

Custers B.H.M. (2003), Effects of Unreliable Group Profiling by Means of Data Mining. In: Grieser G, Tanaka Y, Yamamoto A (red.) Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag. 290-295.
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 05 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 226 (288,846)
Citation 3

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Data mining, KDD, group profiling, personal data, data protection, reliability, distributivity, security, selection, stigmatization, confrontation, ethics

36.

Data Dilemmas in the Information Society

Custers B.H.M. (2013), Data Dilemmas in the Information Society. In: Custers B.H.M., Calders T., Schermer B., Zarsky T. (red.) Discrimination and Privacy in the Information Society. nr. 3 Heidelberg: Springer. 3-26.
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 05 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 223 (292,569)
Citation 3

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37.

Drones Here, There and Everywhere

Custers B.h.m. (2016), Drones Here, There and Everywhere. In: Custers B.h.m. (Red.) the Future of Drone Use. Nr. 27 Heidelberg: Springer.
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 05 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 30 Jun 2019
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 216 (301,710)

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UAV, UAS, RPAS

38.

Data Mining and Group Profiling on the Internet

Custers B.H.M. (2001), Data Mining and Group Profiling on the Internet. In: Vedder A (red.) Ethics and the Internet. Antwerpen: Intersentia. 87-104, 2001
Number of pages: 13 Posted: 07 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 211 (308,535)

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Datamining, KDD, group profiling, Internet, spamming, direct marketing, privacy, anonymity

39.

Risicogericht Toezicht, Profiling En Big Data (Risk Based Enforcement, Profiling and Big Data)

Custers B.H.M. (2014), Risicogericht toezicht, profiling en Big Data, Tijdschrift voor Toezicht 2014(3): 9-16.
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 26 Jul 2018
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 202 (321,363)

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risk based approaches, enforcement, profling, big data

40.

Understanding the Legal Bases for Automated Decision-Making Under the GDPR

In: Kostas, E., Leenes, R. & Kamara, I (2022) Research Handbook on EU data protection. Edward Elgar Publishing, 435–454, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800371682.00026
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 25 Jan 2023
University of Verona, Center for Law and Digital Technologies (eLaw), Leiden Law School, Leiden University, Leiden University and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 193 (335,221)

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automated decision-making, ADM, article 22 GDPR, GDPR

41.

[Dutch] Hergebruik van gegevens in smart cities: juridische en ethische kaders voor big data in de openbare ruimte (Reuse of Data in Smart Cities: Legal and Ethical Frameworks for Big Data in the Public Arena)

Custers, B.H.M. (2019) Hergebruik van gegevens in smart cities: juridische en ethische kaders voor big data in de openbare ruimte, in: F. Feldberg et al. (red.) Behoorlijk datagebruik in de openbare ruimte: essaybundel, Den Haag: NL Digitaal, p. 9-35.
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 10 Dec 2019
Bart Custers and Sofia Ranchordas
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Tilburg Law School
Downloads 193 (335,221)

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smart cities, big data, data protection, data reuse, data ethics

42.

De Onstuitbare Opmars Van Drones (The Unstoppable Rise of Drones)

Oerlemans J.J. & Custers B.H.M. (2015), De onstuitbare opmars van drones: ontwikkelingen in technologie en regulering voor lichte onbemande luchtvaartuigen, Nederlands Juristenblad 90(32): 2208-2214.
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 26 Jul 2018
JanJaap Oerlemans and Bart Custers
Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 192 (336,821)

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drones, UAV, aviation law

43.

Gendering Algorithms in Social Media

ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 23(1), 24–31, https://doi.org/10.1145/3468507.3468512.
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 10 Jun 2021
Leiden University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 187 (345,115)

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Gender; Twitter; Inference; Gender Classifier; Privacy; Algorithmic Bias; Discrimination; LGBTQAI+; Gender Stereotyping; Social Media

44.

Fake News, Filter Bubbles and Echo Chambers: A Short Overview of Basic Terminology and Key Issues

eLaw Working Paper Series, No. 2020/002, December 2020.
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 18 Feb 2021
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 186 (346,863)

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A/B testing, profiling, personalization, media law, fake news, filter bubbles, echo chambers, fact checkers

45.

Advancing the EU Data Economy: Conditions for Realizing the Full of Potential of Data Reuse

Custers, B.H.M., and Bachlechner, D. (2018) Advancing the EU Data Economy; Conditions for Realizing the Full Potential of Data Reuse, Information Polity, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 26 Dec 2017
Bart Custers and Daniel Bachlechner
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Fraunhofer Institut für Systemtechnik und Innovationsforschung
Downloads 183 (352,072)
Citation 8

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Big Data, Data Economy, Data Reuse, Privacy, Public Acceptance, Standardization

46.

Het Gebruik Van Drones. Een Verkennend Onderzoek Naar Onbemande Luchtvaartuigen (The Use of Drones: An Exploratory Study on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs))

Custers B.H.M., Oerlemans J.J. & Vergouw S.J. (2015), Het gebruik van drones. Een verkennend onderzoek naar onbemande luchtvaartuigen (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum) Onderzoek en beleid WODC no. 313. Den Haag: Boom Lemma uitgevers.
Number of pages: 176 Posted: 01 Mar 2018
Bart Custers, JanJaap Oerlemans and Bas Vergouw
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies and Government of the Netherlands - The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC)
Downloads 182 (353,770)
Citation 1

Abstract:

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drones, uav, uas, rpas

47.

Introduction to Forensics

Prinsen, M.M. and Custers, B.H.M. (2010) Introduction to Forensics. In: Transnational Criminology Manual, Volume 3, M. Herzog-Evans (ed.), Tilburg: Wolf Legal Publishers, p. 15-34.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 07 Apr 2021
Merel Prinsen and Bart Custers
Tilburg Law School and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 168 (381,585)
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forensics, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, forensics in court, prosecutor's fallacy, defence attorney's fallacy, converging technologies

48.

Algoritmische besluitvorming en het kartelverbod (Algorithmic Decion-Making and Antitrust Law)

Gerbrandy A. & Custers B.H.M. (2018), Algoritmische besluitvorming en het kartelverbod, Markt en Mededinging 2018(3): 101-109.
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 12 Feb 2019
Anna Gerbrandy and Bart Custers
Utrecht University - School of Law and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 152 (413,415)

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algorithmic decion-making, antitrust law, competition law, big data, price fixing

49.

The Use of Data as Evidence in Dutch Criminal Courts

Custers, B.H.M., and Stevens, L. (2021) The Use of Data as Evidence in Dutch Criminal Courts, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Vol. 29, Nr. 1, p. 25-46., VU University Amsterdam Legal Studies Paper Series
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 28 Jan 2022
Bart Custers and Lonneke Stevens
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and VU University Amsterdam - Faculty of Law
Downloads 143 (434,384)
Citation 1

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Dutch criminal law – Dutch criminal procedure, data as evidence, law enforcement directive, directive 2016/680, witness statements

50.

[Dutch] Online Prijsdiscriminatie: Algoritmische Prijspersonalisatie in Het Licht Van Het Discriminatieverbod En Consumentenbescherming (Online Price Discrimination: Algorithmic Price Personalisation in the Light of Equal Treatment and Consumer Protection)

Heidary, K, Custers, B.H.M. (2021) Online prijsdiscriminatie: algoritmische prijspersonalisatie in het licht van het discriminatieverbod en consumentenbescherming, Nederlands Juristenblad, Afl. 30, p. 2507-2513.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 20 Apr 2022
Kimia Heidary and Bart Custers
Leiden University and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 136 (452,164)

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online price discrimination, equal treatment, AWGB, algemene wet gelijke behandeling, algorithms, consumer protection, profiling, online pricing

51.

The Right of Access in Automated Decision-Making: The Scope of Article 15(1)(h) GDPR in theory and practice

Custers, B.H.M., and Heijne, A.S. (2022) The Right of Access in Automated Decision-Making: The Scope of Article 15(1)(h) GDPR in theory and practice, Computer Law and Security Review, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105727
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 20 Dec 2023
Bart Custers and Anne-Sophie Heijne
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 124 (486,633)
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Right of access, GDPR, Article 15 GDPR, Profiling, Automated decision-making, Automated decisions, Meaningful information, Trade secrets

52.

Banking Malware and the Laundering of Its Profits

Custers, B., Pool, R., and Cornelisse, R., (2018) Banking Malware and the Laundering of its Profits, European Journal of Criminology, DOI/10.1177/1477370818788007
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 07 Jul 2019
Bart Custers, Ronald Pool and remon cornelisse
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Government of the Netherlands - The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC) and Government of the Netherlands - The Research and Documentation Centre (WODC)
Downloads 116 (512,122)
Citation 1

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Banking malware, bitcoins, cybercrime, money laundering, money mules

53.

Humanizing Machines: Introduction and Overview

Custers, B.H.M., Fosch Villaronga, E. (2022) Humanizing Machines: Introduction and Overview, in: B.H.M. Custers & E. Fosch Villaronga (eds.) Law and Artificial Intelligence, Heidelberg: Springer, p. 3-28.
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 10 Aug 2023
Bart Custers and Eduard Fosch-Villaronga
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Leiden University
Downloads 114 (518,949)

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54.

Promising Policing Technologies: Experiences, Obstacles and Police Needs Regarding Law Enforcement Technologies

Custers B.H.M. & Vergouw S.J. (2015), Promising Policing Technologies: Experiences, Obstacles and Police Needs Regarding Law Enforcement Technologies, Computer Law & Security Report (31): 518-526
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 04 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 112 (529,501)
Citation 3

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Technology in Policing, Effectiveness, Promising Technologies, Legal Obstacles, Success Stories

55.

Data Mining with Discrimination Sensitive and Privacy Sensitive Attributes

Custers B.H.M. (2010), Data Mining with Discrimination Sensitive and Privacy Sensitive Attributes. In: Proceedings of ISP 2010.: ISRST. 31-38
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 04 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 106 (547,870)

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Big Data, Data Mining, Discrimination, Privacy

56.

Flying to New Destinations: The Future of Drones

Custers B.H.M. (2016), Flying to New Destinations: The Future of Drones. In: Custers B.H.M. (red.) The Future of Drone Use. Heidelberg: Springer.
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 05 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 26 Jun 2019
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 105 (551,717)

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Geofencing, Privacy by Design, Privacy Impact Assessments, Public Awareness, Sunset Provisions, Technology-Independent Legislation

57.

Cyber Agent Technology en de Wet op de Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdiensten (WIV) (Cyber Agent Technology and the Dutch Intelligence Agencies Act (WIV))

Number of pages: 30 Posted: 31 Jan 2018
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 104 (555,630)

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Cyber agent technology, AIVD, MIVD, WIV, inlichtingendiensten

58.

A little bird told me your gender: Gender inferences in social media

Fosch-Villaronga, E., Poulsen, A., Søraa, R.A., Custers, B.H.M. (2021) A little bird told me your gender: Gender inferences in social media, Information Processing and Management 58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102541.
Number of pages: 13 Posted: 28 Jan 2022
Leiden University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 103 (559,583)
Citation 2

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Gender, Twitter, Social media, Inference, Gender classifier, Automated gender recognition system, Privacy, Algorithmic bias, Discrimination, LGBTQAI+, Gender stereotyping, Online Behavioral Advertising

59.

Substantive Fairness in the GDPR: Fairness Elements for Article 5.1a GDPR

Häuselmann, A.N., Custers, B.H.M. (2024) Substantive Fairness in the GDPR: Fairness Elements for Article 5.1a GDPR, Computer Law & Security Review, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.105942.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 11 Apr 2024
Andreas Häuselmann and Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law in the Information Society and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 96 (587,009)

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GDPR, Fairness principle, Substantive fairness, Procedural fairness, Good faith, Power inequalities, Vulnerabilities, Accuracy, Information asymmetry, Consumer protection law, Competition law, Personal data

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privacy, human rights, criminal investigation

61.

Profiling and Predictions: Challenges in Cybercrime Research Datafication

Custers, B.H.M. (2021) Profiling and Predictions: Challenges in Cybercrime Research Datafication, in: A. Lavorgna & T. Holt & (eds.) Researching Cybercrimes: Methodologies, Ethics, and Critical Approaches, Cham: Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan, p. 63-79.
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 17 Mar 2022
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 93 (598,981)

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cybercrime, profiling, privacy, big data analytics, cybercrime research, big data

62.

Responsibly Innovating Data Mining and Profiling Tools: A New Approach to Discrimination Sensitive and Privacy Sensitive Attributes

Custers B.H.M. & Schermer B.W. (2014), Responsibly Innovating Data Mining and Profiling Tools: A New Approach to Discrimination Sensitive and Privacy Sensitive Attributes. In: Hoven van den J., Doorn, N., Swierstra T., Koops B-J., Romijn H. (red.) Responsible innovation 1: innovative solutions for g
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 05 Oct 2017
Bart Custers and Bart Willem Schermer
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Leiden Law School
Downloads 84 (637,703)
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responsible innovation, data mining, discrimination, privacy

63.

Annotatie bij ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2021:1020 (Uber) (Case Note at ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2021:1020 (Uber))

Custers, B.H.M. (2022) Annotatie bij Rechtbank Amsterdam 11 maart 2021, nr. C/13/687315/HA RK 20-207 (Uber), Computerrecht, afl. 2, p. 122-140.
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 23 Jan 2023
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 82 (646,773)

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right of access, case note, GDPR, transparency

64.

Reassessing Values for Emerging Big Data Technologies: Integrating Design-Based and Application-Based Approaches

La Fors, K., Custers, B.H.M., and Keymolen, E. (2019) Reassessing values for emerging big data technologies: integrating design-based and application-based approaches, Ethics and Information Technology, Volume 21, Number 3, p. 209-226. DOI:10.1007/s10676-019-09503-4
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 11 Sep 2019
Karolina La Fors, Bart Custers and Esther Keymolen
Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and TILT, Tilburg University
Downloads 82 (651,434)
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Big data, Values, Design, Application, Circular life cycle, Value lists

65.

Law enforcement use of genetic genealogy databases in criminal investigations: Nomenclature, definition and scope

Tuazon, O.M., Wickenheiser, R.A., Ansell, R., Guerrini, C.J., Zwenne, G.J., Custers, B.H.M. (2024) Law enforcement use of genetic genealogy databases in criminal investigations: nomenclature, definition and scope, Forensic Science International, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100460.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 14 Mar 2024
Leiden University Leiden Law School, New York State Police, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Mid Sweden University, Leiden University - Center for Law in the Information Society and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 76 (675,431)

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Forensic DNA, Forensic genealogy, Genetic genealogy, Investigative genetic genealogy (IGG), Forensic genetic genealogy (FGG), Forensic investigative genetic genealogy (FIGG), Investigative forensic genetic genealogy (iFGG)

66.

[Dutch] Het recht om de wet te overtreden? Al te perfecte rechtshandhaving door technologie kan rechtsontwikkeling in de weg staan (Breaking the Law? Perfect Enforcement Versus Legal Development)

Custers, B.H.M. (2022) Het recht om de wet te overtreden? Al te perfecte rechtshandhaving door technologie kan rechtsontwikkeling in de weg staan. Nederlands Juristenblad, afl. 19, p. 1532-1539.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 26 Jan 2023
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 74 (685,458)

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surveillance, technoregulation, legal systems, smart enforcement, law enforcement, evolutionary biology, civil disobedience, zero-tolerance, perfect enforcement

67.

Risk Profiling of Money Laundering and Terrorism Funding: Practical Problems of Current Information Strategies

Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. Funchal, Portugal, 2007
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 04 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 72 (695,984)
Citation 1

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Risk Profiling, Identification, Money Laundering, Terrorism, Terrorism Funding, Information Strategy, KYC, Patriot Act

68.

Legitimacy of Investigative Forensic Genetic Genealogy Under Art. 8 ECHR

Number of pages: 25 Posted: 12 Mar 2025
Oliver Tuazon, Bart Custers and Gerrit-Jan Zwenne
Leiden University Leiden Law School, Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Leiden University - Center for Law in the Information Society
Downloads 70 (706,758)

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Investigative forensic genetic genealogy (iFGG)European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)ECtHR four-fold privacy testGenetic and genometric data privacyForensicsDNA

69.

Technologiekennis voor een eerlijk proces: fair trial vereist ook van rechters enige kennis van complexe technologie (a Fair Trial Requires Tech Knowledge: Also Judges Should Understand Something About Complex Technologies)

Custers, B.H.M. (2023) Technologiekennis voor een eerlijk proces: fair trial vereist ook van rechters enige kennis van complexe technologie, Nederlands Juristenblad, afl. 21, p. 1733-1741.
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 12 Apr 2024
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 70 (706,758)
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fair trial, complex technologies, training of the judiciary

70.

Whose Responsibility is it Anyway? Dealing with the Consequences of New Technologies

Vedder, A., and Custers B.H.M. (2009) Whose responsibility is it anyway? Dealing with the consequences of new technologies. In: Sollie P., Duwell M. (red.) Evaluating new technologies: Methodological problems for the ethical assessment of technology developments. New York: Springer. 21-34.
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 05 Oct 2017
Anton Vedder and Bart Custers
KU Leuven Centre for IT and IP Law (CiTiP) and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 70 (706,758)

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Ethics of technology, Responsibility, Privacy, Security, Reliability, Equal access to information

71.

The Risks of Epidemiological Data Mining

Custers B.H.M. (2005), The Risks of Epidemiological Data Mining. In: Tavani H (red.) Ethics, Computing and Genomics: Moral Controversies in Computational Genomics. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 08 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 69 (712,263)
Citation 1

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Data mining, epidemiology, group profiling, personal data, medical data, privacy, reliability, distributivity, cryptography

72.

Data Mining and Profiling in Big Data

• Custers, B.H.M. (2018) Data Mining and Profiling in Big Data, in B.A. Arrigo (ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Surveillance, Security, and Privacy, p. 277-279, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Number of pages: 4 Posted: 25 Jun 2018 Last Revised: 18 Mar 2022
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 64 (741,131)

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73.

Modernisering strafvordering en de bescherming van persoonsgegevens in het opsporingsonderzoek

Delikt & Delinkwent, jaargang 54, aflevering 8, p. 659-673.

Number of pages: 15 Posted: 24 Feb 2025
Bart Willem Schermer and Bart Custers
Leiden Law School and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 63 (747,248)

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modernisering strafvordering, opsporingsonderzoek, AVG, wetboek van strafvordering, wet politiegegevens

74.

The Exclusivity of Ultrafast Communication Networks

Custers B.H.M. (2008), The Exclusivity of Ultrafast Communication Networks, Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology 3(4): 247-253
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 04 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 59 (772,494)

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Internet, Ethics, Ultrafast Communication, Networks, Social Polarization, Manipulation of Information

75.

Privacywaakhond krijgt geld, nu nog tanden (Privacy Watchdog Gets Money, Now It Needs Teeth)

Custers, B.H.M., Privacywaakhond krijgt geld, nu nog tanden, Privacy & Informatie, Vol 22, nr. 4, p. 152, 2019
Number of pages: 2 Posted: 16 Mar 2020
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 53 (814,252)

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Data Protection Law, GDPR, Data Protection Authority

76.

A Fair Trial in Complex Technology Cases: Why Courts and Judges Need a Basic Understanding of Complex Technologies

Custers, B.H.M. (2024) A fair trial in complex technology cases: why courts and judges need a basic understanding of complex technologies, Computer Law & Security Review 52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.105935.
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 11 Apr 2024
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 52 (821,678)
Citation 2

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Fair trial, Transparency, Right of access, Complex technology, Equality of arms, Data protection law

77.

A Qualitative Investigation of Company Perspectives on Online Price Discrimination

Heidary, K., Custers, B.H.M., Pluut, H., Rest, J.P. van der (2022) A qualitative investigation of company perspectives on online price discrimination, Computer Law and Security Review, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105734.
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 25 Jan 2023
Leiden University, Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, affiliation not provided to SSRN and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 50 (836,984)

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online price discrimination, personalized pricing, e-commerce, personalized marketing, data protection law, consumer protection law

78.

Predicting Data that People Refuse to Disclose

Privacy Observatory Magazine, Issue 3, 2012
Number of pages: 4 Posted: 04 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 50 (836,984)

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Big Data, Informational Self-Determination, Privacy, Data Mining

79.

Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes: Data Protection in the Judiciary in the EU and EEA Member States

Custers, B.H.M., Louis, L., Spinelli, M., Terzidou, M. (2022) Quis custodiet ipsos custodes: data protection in the judiciary in the EU and EEA Member States, International Data Privacy Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, p. 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipac002.
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 20 Jan 2023
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN and Universite du Luxembourg - Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance
Downloads 46 (869,401)

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data protection in the judiciary, directive 2018/680, GDPR, judiciary supervision, law enforcement directive, right to data protection

80.

The Right to Break the Law? Perfect Enforcement of the Law Using Technology Impedes the Development of Legal Systems

Custers, B.H.M. (2023) The right to break the law? Perfect enforcement of the law using technology impedes the development of legal systems, Ethics and Information Technology, 25:58, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-023-09737-3.
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 13 Apr 2024
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 44 (886,508)

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Surveillance, Technoregulation, Legal systems, Smart enforcement, Law enforcement, Evolutionary biology, Civil disobedience, Zero-tolerance, Perfect enforcement

81.

Drone Regulation and AI Law: Assessing the Intersection of the EU Legal Frameworks for Unmanned Aircraft and Artificial Intelligence

Air & Space Law, Vol. 49, Nr. 6, p. 1-20; 2024
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 28 Mar 2025
Benjamyn Scott, Bart Custers and Henning Lahmann
Leiden University Leiden Law School, Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 43 (904,192)

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Artificial Intelligence, Automatic, Autonomous, Drones, Piloted Remotely

82.

Exploring solutions to the privacy paradox in the context of e‐assessment: informed consent revisited

Muravyeva, E., Janssen, J., Specht, M., Custers, B. (2020) Exploring solutions to the privacy paradox in the context of e-assessment: informed consent revisited, Ethics and Information Technology, 22, p. 223-238https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-020-09531-5.
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 28 Jan 2022
Open University of the Netherlands, Open University of the Netherlands, Open University of the Netherlands and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 41 (913,179)

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informed consent, personal data, sensitive data, e-assessment, privacy paradox

83.

Data as Evidence in Criminal Courts: Comparing Legal Frameworks and Actual Practices

Human-Robot Interaction in Law and its Narratives: Legal Blame, Procedure, and Criminal Law, Cambridge University Press, p. 221-251
Number of pages: 32 Posted: 29 Jan 2025
Bart Custers and Lonneke Stevens
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and VU University Amsterdam - Faculty of Law
Downloads 40 (922,550)

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digital evidence, criminal law, GDPR, LED, data protection law, privacy

84.

Tell me something new: data subject rights applied to inferred data and profiles

Computer Law & Security Review 52
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 24 Feb 2025
Bart Custers and Ursic Helena
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 38 (941,743)

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data subject rights, GDPR, Data protection, Inferred data, Transparency, Profiling, Automated decisions, Automated decision-making

85.

Data on the Move – Privacy of Road Pricing

Custers B.H.M. & Kuiper A. (2010), Data on the Move – Privacy of Road Pricing, The Journal of Navigation 63: 51-59.
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 09 Oct 2017
Bart Custers, Albert Kuiper, Zsolt Szabo and Remi Tops
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Capgemini, Capgemini and Independent
Downloads 37 (951,555)

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Road pricing, privacy, traffic monitoring, onboard equipment

86.

Tapping and Data Retention in Ultrafast Communication Networks

Custers B.H.M. (2008), Tapping and Data Retention in Ultrafast Communication Networks, Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology 3(2): 94-100
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 04 Oct 2017
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 33 (1,003,107)

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Wire Tapping, Data Retention, Ultrafast Communication Networks

87.

Reconsidering Discrimination Grounds in the Data Economy: An EU Comparison of National Constitutions

Custers, B.H.M. (2023) Reconsidering Discrimination Grounds in the Data Economy: An EU Comparison of National Constitutions, Computer Law and Security Review, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2023.105851.
Number of pages: 13 Posted: 11 Apr 2024
Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 28 (1,047,853)
Citation 1

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Equal treatment Anti-discrimination law, Discrimination grounds, Discrimination by proxy, Indirect discrimination

88.

Adopting AI in Defense Organizations Requires Further Focus on Ethical, Legal and Societal Aspects

Scott, B.I., Lahmann, H., Custers, B. (2023) Adopting AI in defense organisations requires further focus on ethical, legal and societal aspects, ICUAS Magazine, Vol. 1, Issue 2, p. 3-5.
Number of pages: 4 Posted: 12 Apr 2024
Benjamyn Scott, Henning Lahmann and Bart Custers
Independent, Independent and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 26 (1,071,381)

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drones, UAV, ELSA, military drones

89.

Article 5: Time-limits for storage and review

Kosta, E. and Boehm, F. (eds.) The EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED): A Commentary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 153-163.
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 29 Jan 2025
M R Leiser and Bart Custers
affiliation not provided to SSRN and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 23 (1,108,162)

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Access to information, Right to privacy, Membership of international organizations, General principles of international law, Time limitations (and jurisdiction) Subject: Arbitration, International Organizations (Law), Settlement of Disputes, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Human Rights, Public International Law, International Criminal Law Collection: Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law

90.

Design methodologies for addressing Ethical, Legal and Societal Aspects (ELSA) of military AI applications, Deliverable 2.1, version 1.0

Lahmann, H., Custers, B.H.M., Scott, B.I. (2023), Design methodologies for addressing Ethical, Legal and Societal Aspects (ELSA) of military AI applications, Deliverable 2.1, V1.0, The Hague: ELSA Lab Defence.
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 14 Feb 2025
Henning Lahmann, Bart Custers and Benjamyn Scott
Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Leiden University Leiden Law School
Downloads 22 (1,120,722)

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Military AI, AI in defence, Human dignity, Privacy, Value sensitive design

91.

The Right to Rectification and Inferred Personal Data

European Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 1-24 (2024)
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 01 Apr 2025
Andreas Häuselmann and Bart Custers
Leiden University - Center for Law in the Information Society and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 18 (1,170,689)

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accuracy, AI, inferred personal data, rectification, machine learning, affective computing

92.

Discrimination grounds and personalised pricing: Consumer perceptions of fairness, norm alignment, legality, and trust in markets

Internet Policy Review, Vol. 13, Issue 4, pp. 1-37.
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 14 Feb 2025
affiliation not provided to SSRN, Leiden University, Department of Business Studies and Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies
Downloads 18 (1,170,689)

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Personalised pricing, Consumer profiling, Price discrimination, Norms, Antidiscrimination law

93.

Design methodologies for addressing Ethical, Legal and Societal Aspects (ELSA) of military AI applications, Deliverable 2.1, Version 2.0

The Hague: ELSA Lab Defence
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 14 Feb 2025
Leiden University - Centre for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University Leiden Law School, University of Nijmegen, affiliation not provided to SSRN and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 13 (1,231,185)

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94.

Legal and Ethical Aspects of AI in Radiology

E. Ranschaert et al. (eds.), AI Implementation in Radiology, Imaging Informatics for Healthcare Professionals, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-68942-0_6
Posted: 28 Mar 2025
Bart Custers and Eduard Fosch-Villaronga
Leiden University - Center for Law and Digital Technologies and Leiden University

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AI in radiology, human dignity, privacy, discrimination, autonomy, accountability