Author Page for Tomas Philipson

Boston College - Carroll School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Sloan School of Management, University of Chicago, Goldman Sachs and University of Minnesota - Carlson School of Management

Downloads 368 (87,605)

Abstract:

Sharing R&D Risk in Healthcare Via Fda Hedges

NBER Working Paper No. w23344

Number of pages: 51 Posted: 01 May 2017 Last Revised: 07 Jun 2017

Adam Jørring, Andrew W. Lo, Tomas Philipson, Manita Singh and Richard T. Thakor

Boston College - Carroll School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Sloan School of Management, University of Chicago, Goldman Sachs and University of Minnesota - Carlson School of Management

Downloads 9 (668,307)

Abstract:

4.

The Growth of Obesity and Technological Change: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination

NBER Working Paper No. w8946

Number of pages: 43 Posted: 17 May 2002 Last Revised: 30 Sep 2002

Darius N. Lakdawalla and Tomas Philipson

University of Southern California - Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics and University of Chicago

Downloads 280 (119,301)

Citation 9

Abstract:

5.

Between- vs. Within-Patent Competition

Number of pages: 7 Posted: 02 Mar 2004

Tomas Philipson and Carolanne Dai

University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 266 (125,893)

Abstract:

6.

Terminal Care and the Value of Life Near its End

Downloads 257 (130,513)

Citation 1

2

Terminal Care and the Value of Life Near its End

MFI Working Paper No. 2010-005

Number of pages: 29 Posted: 01 Feb 2010

Tomas Philipson, Gary S. Becker, Dana P. Goldman and Kevin M. Murphy

University of Chicago, University of Chicago - Department of Economics, RAND Corporation and University of Chicago

Downloads 214 (155,712)

Abstract:

Terminal Care and the Value of Life Near its End

NBER Working Paper No. w15649

Number of pages: 29 Posted: 18 Jan 2010

Tomas Philipson, Gary S. Becker, Dana P. Goldman and Kevin M. Murphy

University of Chicago, University of Chicago - Department of Economics, RAND Corporation and University of Chicago

Downloads 43 (458,062)

Abstract:

7.

Intellectual Property and Marketing

Downloads 202 (164,604)

Citation 2

2

Intellectual Property and Marketing

Reg-Markets Center Working Paper No. 07-20

Number of pages: 47 Posted: 04 Feb 2008

Darius N. Lakdawalla, Tomas Philipson and Richard Wang

University of Southern California - Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Chicago and Temple University

Downloads 167 (195,273)

Abstract:

Intellectual Property and Marketing

NBER Working Paper No. w12577

Number of pages: 53 Posted: 17 Oct 2006 Last Revised: 22 Feb 2015

Darius N. Lakdawalla, Tomas Philipson and Richard Wang

University of Southern California - Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Chicago and Temple University

Downloads 35 (495,162)

Abstract:

8.

Is the Obesity Epidemic a Public Health Problem? A Decade of Research on the Economics of Obesity

NBER Working Paper No. w14010

Number of pages: 15 Posted: 26 May 2008 Last Revised: 19 Jan 2014

Tomas Philipson and Richard A. Posner

University of Chicago and University of Chicago Law School

Downloads 136 (231,102)

Abstract:

9.

The Quantity and Quality of Life and the Evolution of World Inequality

NBER Working Paper No. w9765

Number of pages: 45 Posted: 08 Jun 2003 Last Revised: 03 Nov 2010

Gary S. Becker, Tomas Philipson and Rodrigo R. Soares

University of Chicago - Department of Economics, University of Chicago and Columbia University - School of International & Public Affairs (SIPA)

Downloads 124 (248,137)

Citation 10

Abstract:

10.

Economic Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases

NBER Working Paper No. w7037

Number of pages: 45 Posted: 26 Jul 2000 Last Revised: 12 Oct 2010

Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago

Downloads 122 (251,243)

Citation 7

Abstract:

11.

The Value of Life Near its End and Terminal Care

NBER Working Paper No. w13333

Number of pages: 21 Posted: 24 Aug 2007 Last Revised: 05 Dec 2007

Gary S. Becker, Kevin M. Murphy and Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago - Department of Economics, University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 120 (254,400)

Abstract:

12.

Brief of Amici Curiae Economics Professors in Federal Trade Commission v. Phoebe Putney Health System (U.S. Supreme Court)

Health Management, Policy and Innovation, Vol. 1 (2012)

Number of pages: 28 Posted: 19 Oct 2012

Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law, Northwestern University - Kellogg School of Management, Bates White, LLC, Carnegie Mellon University, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Stanford University - Department of Economics, Harvard University - Department of Economics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania - Health Care Management, Stanford University - Knight Management Center, University of Arizona - Eller College of Management, Smith College, Princeton University - Department of Economics, University of Colorado at Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Illinois at Chicago - School of Public Health, Harvard University - Department of Health Care Policy, Northwestern University - Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania - Health Care Systems Department, University of Chicago, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Northwestern University - Kellogg School of Management, Vanderbilt University - Strategy and Business Economics, Cornell University, Harvard University - Business School (HBS) and University of Illinois at Chicago

Downloads 118 (257,584)

Abstract:

13.

Antitrust and the Not-for-Profit Sector

NBER Working Paper No. w8126

Number of pages: 14 Posted: 09 Feb 2001 Last Revised: 21 Oct 2010

Tomas Philipson and Richard A. Posner

University of Chicago and University of Chicago Law School

Downloads 114 (263,897)

Abstract:

14.

Estimating the Extent of Trade Under Incomplete Information: The Case of HIV

Number of pages: 19 Posted: 01 Feb 1997

Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago

Downloads 112 (267,286)

Abstract:

15.

Adjusting Measures of Economic Output for Health: Is the Business Cycle Countercyclical?

Downloads 99 (290,958)

Citation 2

2

Adjusting Measures of Economic Output for Health: Is the Business Cycle Countercyclical?

Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics Working Paper No. 2016-02

Number of pages: 42 Posted: 25 Jun 2013 Last Revised: 23 Apr 2016

Mark Egan, Casey B. Mulligan and Tomas Philipson

Harvard University - Business School (HBS), University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 87 (318,545)

Citation 3

Abstract:

Adjusting National Accounting for Health: Is the Business Cycle Countercyclical?

NBER Working Paper No. w19058

Number of pages: 32 Posted: 18 May 2013 Last Revised: 02 Oct 2013

Mark Egan, Casey B. Mulligan and Tomas Philipson

Harvard University - Business School (HBS), University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 12 (645,437)

Abstract:

16.

Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of the Fda: The Case of the Prescription Drug User Fee Acts

NBER Working Paper No. w11724

Number of pages: 42 Posted: 19 Jan 2006 Last Revised: 13 Mar 2013

Tomas Philipson, Ernst R. Berndt, Adrian Gottschalk and Matthew W. Strobeck

University of Chicago, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Sloan School of Management, Biogen Idec, Inc. and affiliation not provided to SSRN

Downloads 93 (302,869)

Abstract:

17.

Antitrust in the Not-for-Profit Sector

NBER Working Paper No. w12132

Number of pages: 38 Posted: 18 May 2006 Last Revised: 27 Aug 2010

Tomas Philipson and Richard A. Posner

University of Chicago and University of Chicago Law School

Downloads 91 (307,037)

Abstract:

18.

Supreme Court Amicus Brief Regarding Wyeth V. Diana Levine

Reg-Markets Center Brief No. 08-01

Number of pages: 28 Posted: 11 Jun 2008 Last Revised: 27 Nov 2012

John Calfee, Ernst R. Berndt, Robert W. Hahn, Tomas Philipson, Paul H. Rubin and W. Kip Viscusi

affiliation not provided to SSRN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Sloan School of Management, University of Oxford, Smith School, University of Chicago, Emory University - Department of Economics and Vanderbilt University - Law School

Downloads 83 (325,127)

Citation 2

Abstract:

19.

An Economic Evaluation of the War on Cancer

NBER Working Paper No. w15574

Number of pages: 47 Posted: 15 Dec 2009 Last Revised: 22 Jan 2018

Eric C. Sun, Anupam B. Jena, Darius N. Lakdawalla, Carolina M. Reyes, Tomas Philipson and Dana P. Goldman

University of Chicago, Harvard University, University of Southern California - Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Genentech, Inc. - San Francisco, University of Chicago and RAND Corporation

Downloads 70 (358,489)

Citation 3

Abstract:

20.

Aging and the Growth of Long-Term Care

NBER Working Paper No. w6980

Number of pages: 34 Posted: 22 Mar 1999 Last Revised: 12 Oct 2010

Darius N. Lakdawalla and Tomas Philipson

University of Southern California - Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics and University of Chicago

Downloads 69 (361,281)

Abstract:

21.

The Impact of Comparative Effectiveness Research on Health and Health Care Spending

Downloads 68 (364,108)

2

The Impact of Comparative Effectiveness Research on Health and Health Care Spending

NBER Working Paper No. w15633

Number of pages: 27 Posted: 11 Jan 2010 Last Revised: 20 Sep 2010

Anirban Basu and Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago - Department of Medicine and University of Chicago

Downloads 68 (368,494)

Abstract:

The Impact of Comparative Effectiveness Research on Health and Health Care Spending

American Society of Health Economists (ASHEcon) Paper

Posted: 06 Jul 2011

Tomas Philipson and Anirban Basu

University of Chicago and University of Chicago - Department of Medicine

Abstract:

22.

Health Care Adherence and Personalized Medicine

Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics Working Paper No. 2740031

Number of pages: 53 Posted: 02 Mar 2016 Last Revised: 19 May 2016

Mark Egan and Tomas Philipson

Harvard University - Business School (HBS) and University of Chicago

Downloads 64 (375,768)

Abstract:

23.

Nonprofit Production and Competition

NBER Working Paper No. w6377

Number of pages: 56 Posted: 20 Jul 2000 Last Revised: 07 Apr 2008

Darius N. Lakdawalla and Tomas Philipson

University of Southern California - Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics and University of Chicago

Downloads 62 (381,918)

Abstract:

24.

The Dual Effects of Intellectual Property Regulations: Within- and Between- Patent Competition in the Us Pharmaceuticals Industry

Downloads 60 (388,132)

2

The Dual Effects of Intellectual Property Regulations: Within- and Between- Patent Competition in the Us Pharmaceuticals Industry

NBER Working Paper No. w9303

Number of pages: 40 Posted: 07 Nov 2002 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2015

Frank R. Lichtenberg and Tomas Philipson

Columbia Business School - Finance and Economics and University of Chicago

Downloads 60 (393,570)

Citation 1

Abstract:

The Dual Effects of Intellectual Property Regulations: Within- and Between-Patent Competition in the Us Pharmaceuticals Industry

Journal of Law & Economics, Vol. 45, pp. 643-672, 2002

Posted: 11 Sep 2003

Frank R. Lichtenberg and Tomas Philipson

Columbia Business School - Finance and Economics and University of Chicago

Abstract:

25.

Sharing R&D Risk in Healthcare via FDA Hedges

Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics Working Paper No. 2017-01

Number of pages: 51 Posted: 07 Apr 2017 Last Revised: 17 Apr 2017

Adam Jørring, Andrew W. Lo, Tomas Philipson, Manita Singh and Richard T. Thakor

Boston College - Carroll School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Sloan School of Management, University of Chicago, Goldman Sachs and University of Minnesota - Carlson School of Management

Downloads 56 (401,415)

Abstract:

26.

Labor Markets in Statistics: The Subject Supply Effect in Medical R&D

Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics Working Paper No. 2016-03

Number of pages: 56 Posted: 04 Mar 2016 Last Revised: 23 Apr 2016

Anup Malani and Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago - Law School and University of Chicago

Downloads 54 (408,194)

Abstract:

27.

Assessing the Impacts of the Prescription Drug User Fee Acts (Pdufa) on the Fda Approval Process

NBER Working Paper No. w10822

Number of pages: 33 Posted: 19 Oct 2004 Last Revised: 02 Jun 2013

Ernst R. Berndt, Adrian Gottschalk, Tomas Philipson and Matthew W. Strobeck

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Sloan School of Management, Biogen Idec, Inc., University of Chicago and affiliation not provided to SSRN

Downloads 50 (422,267)

Abstract:

28.

Who Benefits from New Medical Technologies? Estimates of Consumer and Producer Surpluses for Hiv/Aids Drugs

NBER Working Paper No. w11810

Number of pages: 33 Posted: 19 Feb 2006 Last Revised: 20 Sep 2014

Tomas Philipson and Anupam B. Jena

University of Chicago and Harvard University

Downloads 47 (433,500)

Abstract:

29.

How Does Technological Change Affect Quality Adjusted Prices in Health Care? Systematic Evidence from Thousands of Innovations

Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics Working Paper No. 2016-29

Number of pages: 28 Posted: 21 Dec 2016

Kristopher Hult, Sonia Jaffe and Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago, University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 46 (437,291)

Abstract:

30.

Is the Food and Drug Administration Safe and Effective?

NBER Working Paper No. w13561

Number of pages: 33 Posted: 31 Oct 2007 Last Revised: 20 Apr 2015

Tomas Philipson and Eric C. Sun

University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 42 (453,175)

Citation 1

Abstract:

31.

The Rise in Old Age Longevity and the Market for Long-Term Care

NBER Working Paper No. w6547

Number of pages: 42 Posted: 12 Jun 2000 Last Revised: 10 Apr 2008

Darius N. Lakdawalla and Tomas Philipson

University of Southern California - Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics and University of Chicago

Downloads 42 (453,175)

Citation 1

Abstract:

32.

An Empirical Examination of Information Barriers to Trade in Insurance

NBER Working Paper No. w5669

Number of pages: 53 Posted: 24 Sep 1996 Last Revised: 30 Jun 2010

John Cawley and Tomas Philipson

Cornell University - College of Human Ecology, Department of Policy Analysis & Management (PAM) and University of Chicago

Downloads 42 (453,175)

Citation 7

Abstract:

33.

Surplus Appropriation from R&D and Health Care Technology Assessment Procedures

NBER Working Paper No. w12016

Number of pages: 27 Posted: 27 Apr 2006 Last Revised: 20 Sep 2014

Tomas Philipson and Anupam B. Jena

University of Chicago and Harvard University

Downloads 40 (461,724)

Abstract:

34.

Integrated Insurance Design in the Presence of Multiple Medical Technologies

NBER Working Paper No. w12870

Number of pages: 14 Posted: 31 Jan 2007 Last Revised: 02 Sep 2010

Dana P. Goldman and Tomas Philipson

RAND Corporation and University of Chicago

Downloads 38 (470,270)

Citation 1

Abstract:

35.

Intellectual Property & External Consumption Effects: Generalizations from Pharmaceutical Markets

NBER Working Paper No. w9598

Number of pages: 33 Posted: 04 Jun 2005 Last Revised: 21 Feb 2015

Tomas Philipson and Stéphane Mechoulan

University of Chicago and Dalhousie University

Downloads 38 (470,270)

Abstract:

36.

Mortality Contingent Claims, Health Care, and Social Insurance

NBER Working Paper No. w5760

Number of pages: 29 Posted: 14 Jan 1997 Last Revised: 04 Oct 2010

Tomas Philipson and Gary S. Becker

University of Chicago and University of Chicago - Department of Economics

Downloads 36 (479,224)

Abstract:

37.

Merit Motives and Government Intervention: Public Finance in Reverse

NBER Working Paper No. w7698

Number of pages: 57 Posted: 17 May 2000 Last Revised: 17 Oct 2010

Casey B. Mulligan and Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 35 (483,798)

Citation 2

Abstract:

38.

Consumption vs. Production of Insurance

NBER Working Paper No. w6225

Number of pages: 45 Posted: 01 Aug 2000 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2010

Tomas Philipson and George H. Zanjani

University of Chicago and Georgia State University - Risk Management & Insurance Department

Downloads 33 (493,275)

Abstract:

39.

Health Care, Technological Change, and Altruistic Consumption Externalities

NBER Working Paper No. w11930

Number of pages: 31 Posted: 14 Sep 2006 Last Revised: 20 Sep 2014

Tomas Philipson, Stéphane Mechoulan and Anupam B. Jena

University of Chicago, Dalhousie University and Harvard University

Downloads 32 (498,217)

Abstract:

40.

Endogenous Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Health Care Technology Adoption

NBER Working Paper No. w15032

Number of pages: 29 Posted: 03 Jun 2009 Last Revised: 28 Oct 2010

Anupam B. Jena and Tomas Philipson

Harvard University and University of Chicago

Downloads 30 (508,364)

Abstract:

41.

International Health Economics

NBER Working Paper No. w19280

Number of pages: 46 Posted: 10 Aug 2013

Tomas Philipson and Mark Egan

University of Chicago and Harvard University - Business School (HBS)

Downloads 29 (513,625)

Abstract:

42.

Disease Complementarities and the Evaluation of Public Health Interventions

NBER Working Paper No. w5216

Number of pages: 38 Posted: 08 Aug 2000 Last Revised: 17 Mar 2008

William H. Dow, Jessica Holmes, Tomas Philipson and Xavier Sala-i-Martin

Yale University - Department of Economics, Yale University - Department of Economics, University of Chicago and Columbia University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Economics

Downloads 29 (513,625)

Abstract:

43.

External Treatment Effects and Program Implementation Bias

NBER Working Paper No. t0250

Number of pages: 24 Posted: 09 Mar 2000 Last Revised: 09 Sep 2010

Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago

Downloads 28 (519,076)

Abstract:

44.

The Future of Old-Age Longevity: Competitive Pricing of Mortality Contingent Claims

Downloads 24 (542,414)

2

The Future of Old-Age Longevity: Competitive Pricing of Mortality Contingent Claims

NBER Working Paper No. w6042

Number of pages: 39 Posted: 21 Jun 2000 Last Revised: 05 Oct 2010

Charles Mullin and Tomas Philipson

Vanderbilt University - College of Arts and Science - Department of Economics and University of Chicago

Downloads 24 (559,128)

Citation 32

Abstract:

The Future of Old-Age Longevity: Competitive Pricing of Mortality Contingent Claims

Posted: 15 Aug 1997

Charles Mullin and Tomas Philipson

Vanderbilt University - College of Arts and Science - Department of Economics and University of Chicago

Abstract:

45.

The Value of Life in General Equilibrium

NBER Working Paper No. w14157

Number of pages: 47 Posted: 16 Jul 2008 Last Revised: 08 Sep 2010

Anupam B. Jena, Casey B. Mulligan, Tomas Philipson and Eric C. Sun

Harvard University, University of Chicago, University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 23 (548,539)

Abstract:

46.

The Effects of Product Liability Exemption in the Presence of the Fda

NBER Working Paper No. w15603

Number of pages: 41 Posted: 28 Dec 2009 Last Revised: 02 Jun 2013

Tomas Philipson, Eric C. Sun and Dana P. Goldman

University of Chicago, University of Chicago and RAND Corporation

Downloads 17 (586,888)

Abstract:

47.

Observational Agency and Supply-Side Econometrics

Downloads 17 (586,888)

2

Observational Agency and Supply-Side Econometrics

NBER Working Paper No. t0210

Number of pages: 42 Posted: 20 Jul 2000 Last Revised: 31 Jul 2010

Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago

Downloads 17 (608,157)

Abstract:

Observational Agency and Supply-Side Econometrics

Posted: 11 Mar 1997

Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago

Abstract:

48.

Health Care Adherence and Personalized Medicine

NBER Working Paper No. w20330

Number of pages: 54 Posted: 28 Jul 2014 Last Revised: 30 Jul 2014

Mark Egan and Tomas Philipson

Harvard University - Business School (HBS) and University of Chicago

Downloads 14 (606,765)

Citation 2

Abstract:

49.

Can Medical Progress Be Sustained? Implications of the Link between Development and Output Markets

NBER Working Paper No. w17011

Number of pages: 48 Posted: 09 May 2011 Last Revised: 28 Mar 2015

Anup Malani and Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago - Law School and University of Chicago

Downloads 14 (606,765)

Abstract:

50.

Public Liabilities and Health Care Policy

NBER Working Paper No. w18571

Number of pages: 34 Posted: 30 Nov 2012

Kristopher Hult and Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 8 (648,791)

Abstract:

51.

How Does Technological Change Affect Quality-Adjusted Prices in Health Care? Systematic Evidence from Thousands of Innovations

NBER Working Paper No. w22986

Number of pages: 28 Posted: 27 Dec 2016

Kristopher Hult, Sonia Jaffe and Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago, University of Chicago and University of Chicago

Downloads 6 (663,186)

Abstract:

52.

Economic Analysis of Risk and Uncertainty Induced by Health Shocks: A Review and Extension

NBER Working Paper No. w19005

Number of pages: 59 Posted: 04 May 2013

Tomas Philipson and George H. Zanjani

University of Chicago and Georgia State University - Risk Management & Insurance Department

Downloads 6 (663,186)

Abstract:

53.

Surplus Appropriation from R&D and Technology Assessment Procedures

iHEA 2007 6th World Congress: Explorations in Health Economics Paper

Posted: 21 Sep 2006

Anupam B. Jena and Tomas Philipson

Harvard University and University of Chicago

Abstract:

54.

Managed Health Care and the Quality of Health Care: A Misguided Debate?

Posted: 01 Apr 2002

Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago

Abstract:

55.

Pricing and R&D When Consumption Affects Longevity

Posted: 16 Jan 2002

Pierre-Yves Geoffard and Tomas Philipson

Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS) - Department and Laboratory of Applied and Theoretical Economics (DELTA) and University of Chicago

Abstract:

56.

Health Investment Complementarities Under Competing Risks

Universitat Pompeu Fabra Economics WP #192

Posted: 12 May 2000

Tomas Philipson and Xavier Sala-i-Martin

University of Chicago and Columbia University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Economics

Abstract:

57.

Economic Epidemiology & Infectious Diseases

The Handbook of Health Economics, Joseph Newhouse and Anthony Culyer, eds., North-Holland

Posted: 10 Jan 2000

Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago

Abstract:

58.

Private Vaccination and Public Health: An Empirical Examination for U.S. Measles

JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCES, Vol. 31, No. 3, Summer 1996

Posted: 18 Sep 1996

Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago

Tomas Philipson

University of Chicago

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

58

Top 8,334

5,952

Top 1,859

90

540

Scholarly Papers (58)

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract:

Abstract: