Rafael Leal-Arcas

Alfaisal University

Professor of European and International Economic Law; Jean Monnet Chaired Professor in EU International Economic Law

P.O. Box 50927

Riyadh, 11533

Saudi Arabia

  • Alfaisal University

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

191

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Scholarly Papers (191)

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1.

Essential Elements of the Rule of Law Concept in the EU

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 180/2014
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 21 Aug 2014 Last Revised: 31 Mar 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 3,734 (4,981)

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rule of law, access to justice and judicial review, legal certainty, proportionality, equality and non-discrimination, transparency in EU law

2.

Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches for Climate Change Negotiations: An Analysis

Downloads 2,112 (12,478)

Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches for Climate Change Negotiations: An Analysis

The IUP Journal of Governance and Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 7-52, December 2011
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 27 Oct 2011 Last Revised: 04 Sep 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 2,112 (12,225)

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bottom-up approach to climate change, climate-based regional trade agreements, flexible approach, Major Economies Forum, variable geometry

Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches for Climate Change Negotiations: An Analysis

The IUP Journal of Governance and Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 7-52, December 2011
Posted: 04 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 10 Sep 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University

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bottom-up approach to climate change, climate-based regional trade agreements, flexible approach, major economies forum, variable geometry

3.

The European Community and Mixed Agreements

European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 483-513, Winter 2001
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 15 Apr 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 1,338 (25,167)

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European community, mixed agreements, international law

4.

Kyoto and the COPs: Lessons Learned and Looking Ahead

Hague Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 23, pp. 17-90, 2010
Number of pages: 74 Posted: 03 Jan 2012 Last Revised: 02 Oct 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 1,273 (27,056)

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climate finance, Cancún Agreements, Copenhagen Accord, Kyoto Protocol, COPs, EU Emissions Trading Scheme

5.

The Fragmented Governance of the Global Energy Economy: A Legal-Institutional Analysis

Downloads 1,094 (33,676)
Citation 6

The Fragmented Governance of the Global Energy Economy: A Legal-Institutional Analysis

Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 6, Issue 4, pp. 1-58, 2013, Oxford University Press
Number of pages: 58 Posted: 21 Jul 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 924 (42,145)

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global energy governance, international cooperation in energy, WTO, PTAs, Energy Charter Conference, OPEC, investment treaties, ICSID, UNFCCC, energy security, IEA, IEF, MEF, national oil companies, World Petroleum Council

The Fragmented Governance of the Global Energy Economy: A Legal-Institutional Analysis

Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 167/2014
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 21 Jan 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 170 (290,056)
Citation 2

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6.

Proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements: Complementing or Supplanting Multilateralism?

Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 597-629, 2011, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 78/2011
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 26 Feb 2011 Last Revised: 15 Apr 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 1,074 (34,581)
Citation 3

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WTO, international trading system, RTA proliferation, non-discrimination, variable geometry, single undertaking

7.

The Multilateralization of International Investment Law

North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 33-135, 2009, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 41/2010
Number of pages: 104 Posted: 21 Dec 2009 Last Revised: 09 Feb 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 1,034 (36,510)
Citation 1

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multilateral investment treaty, bilateral investment treaty, FDI law, regional investment agreements, WTO, forum shopping in dispute resolution, inconsistency of arbitral awards

8.

The BRICS and Climate Change

International Affairs Forum, pp. 1-5, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 151/2013
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 07 Aug 2013 Last Revised: 25 Oct 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 1,003 (38,112)
Citation 2

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equity in climate change mitigation, BRICS, energy efficiency, economic growth

9.

Renewable Energy Disputes in the World Trade Organization

Downloads 842 (48,631)
Citation 2

Renewable Energy Disputes in the World Trade Organization

Oil, Gas and Energy Law Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 3, pp. 1-51, 2015
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 20 Mar 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 627 (70,777)

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governance of renewable energy; WTO and renewable energy; environmental protection objectives and the WTO; energy trade; renewable subsidies

Renewable Energy Disputes in the World Trade Organization

Published in Transnational Dispute Management, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 1-51, 2015 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 198/2015
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 22 May 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 215 (234,491)
Citation 1

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governance of renewable energy; WTO and renewable energy; environmental protection objectives and the WTO; energy trade; renewable subsidies

10.

The EU and Russia as Energy Trading Partners: Friends or Foes?

European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 337-366, 2009
Posted: 26 Jun 2009 Last Revised: 13 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 798 (52,283)
Citation 1

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EU, Russia, energy security, Energy Charter Treaty, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

11.

Exclusive or Shared Competence in the Common Commercial Policy: From Amsterdam to Nice

Downloads 796 (52,460)
Citation 4

Exclusive or Shared Competence in the Common Commercial Policy: From Amsterdam to Nice

Number of pages: 20 Posted: 30 Jun 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 477 (99,612)
Citation 5

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Division of competencies, transparency, simplicity, common commercial policy, Nice Treaty

Exclusive or Shared Competence in the Common Commercial Policy: From Amsterdam to Nice

Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol.30, No.1, pp. 3-14, 2003
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 28 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 319 (157,429)

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Division of competencies, transparency, simplicity, common commercial policy, Nice Treaty

12.

Unilateral Trade-Related Climate Change Measures

The Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 13, No. 6, 2012 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 123/2012
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 30 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 05 Dec 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 791 (52,986)
Citation 2

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EU emissions trading scheme, trade and climate change, WTO subsidies for renewable energy, trade and energy, energy and climate change, aviation, shipping

13.

The European Union and its Energy Security Challenges

Downloads 776 (54,315)
Citation 5

The European Union and its Energy Security Challenges

Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 8, 2015, Oxford University Press, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 205/2015
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 10 Jun 2015 Last Revised: 13 Jul 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Costantino Grasso
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary, University of London and Manchester Metropolitan University
Downloads 433 (111,568)
Citation 3

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EU energy security, EU single energy market, diversification of energy supplies, liquefied natural gas, shale gas, Southern Gas Corridor, Turkish Stream, Trans-Anatolian pipeline, International Energy Charter, Yukos

The European Union and Its Energy Security Challenges

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 187/2014
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 07 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Costantino Grasso
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary, University of London and Manchester Metropolitan University
Downloads 343 (145,685)

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14.

International Trade and Investment Law: Multilateral, Regional and Bilateral Governance

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT LAW: MULTILATERAL, REGIONAL AND BILATERAL GOVERNANCE, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010
Posted: 24 May 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 758 (56,011)

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international trade, international investment law, regionalism, multilateralism, bilateralism

15.

A Legal Exploration of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 223-240, 2022
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 05 Jan 2022 Last Revised: 29 Jul 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 726 (59,367)

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Carbon border adjustment mechanism, WTO, European Green Deal, international trade, GATT, sustainable development, Fit for 55

16.

The Creation of a European Energy Union

European Energy Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 24-60, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 206/2015
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 15 Jun 2015 Last Revised: 18 Sep 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Juan Alemany Rios
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 715 (60,577)

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European energy union, energy security, Energy Community, Euro-Mediterranean Energy Partnership, internal energy market, energy efficiency, decarbonization, transparency, equality

17.

Gas and Oil Explorations in the Levant Basin: The Case of Lebanon and Israel

Downloads 693 (63,108)
Citation 1

Gas and Oil Explorations in the Levant Basin: The Case of Lebanon and Israel

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, Vol. 11 - issue 3, April 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 141/2013
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 30 Apr 2013
Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary, University of London and Alfaisal University
Downloads 427 (113,401)

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East Mediterranean Basin, Levant Basin, gas and oil discoveries, Israel offshore gas discovery, Lebanon offshore gas discovery, UNCLOS, maritime law, delimitation of EEZ, UNCLOS dispute settlement procedure

Gas and Oil Explorations in the Levant Basin: The Case of Lebanon and Israel

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2013
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 25 Apr 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 266 (190,320)

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East Mediterranean Basin, Levant Basin, gas and oil discoveries, Israel offshore gas discovery, Lebanon offshore gas discovery, UNCLOS, maritime law, delimitation of EEZ, UNCLOS dispute settlement procedure

18.

Legal Aspects of Inter-State Maritime Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin

Downloads 686 (63,923)
Citation 2

Legal Aspects of Inter-State Maritime Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, Vol. 11 - issue 3, April 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 142/2013
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 30 Apr 2013
Andrew Filis and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary, University of London and Alfaisal University
Downloads 459 (104,228)
Citation 1

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East Mediterranean Basin, maritime delimitation, continental shelf, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, UNCLOSl, international maritime law, customary law

Legal Aspects of Inter-State Maritime Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2013
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 25 Apr 2013
Andrew Filis and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary, University of London and Alfaisal University
Downloads 227 (222,673)

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East Mediterranean Basin, maritime delimitation, continental shelf, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, UNCLOS, international maritime law, customary law

19.

Theories of Supranationalism in the EU

Journal of Law in Society, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 83-113, 2007
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 22 Jun 2007
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 686 (63,923)

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supranationalism, EU

20.

Alternative Architecture for Climate Change - Major Economies

European Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25-56, 2011
Number of pages: 32 Posted: 14 Jul 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 669 (66,048)
Citation 2

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climate change, flexible approach, incrementalism, climate-based RTAs, bottom-up approach, variable geometry, Major Economies Forum

21.

The Role of the EU, the U.S., and China in Addressing Climate Change

Downloads 629 (71,462)

The Role of the EU, the U.S., and China in Addressing Climate Change

Laursen, F. (ed.) The EU and the Political Economy of Transatlantic Relations, Brussels: PIE Peter Lang, pp. 221-260, 2012
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 28 Jan 2013 Last Revised: 02 Oct 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 608 (73,629)

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Kyoto Protocol, European Union, EU emissions cuts, EU emissions trading scheme, global warming, climate change

The Role of the EU, the U.S., and China in Addressing Climate Change

The EU and the Political Economy of Transatlantic Relations, Brussels: PIE Peter Lang, 221-260, 2012
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 18 Jun 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 21 (868,326)

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Kyoto Protocol, European Union, EU emissions cuts, EU emissions trading scheme, global warming, climate change

22.

Strengthening Sustainable Development Through Preferential Trade Agreements

Leal-Arcas, R. and Wilmarth, C. "Strengthening Sustainable Development through Preferential Trade Agreements," in Wouters, J. et al. (eds.) Ensuring Good Global Governance through Trade: EU policies and approaches, Edward Elgar, pp. 92-123, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 174/2014
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 16 Apr 2014 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Catherine Wilmarth
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 624 (72,301)
Citation 1

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Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership; Trans-Pacific Partnership; mega-regionals; sustainable development; energy; trade and investment; energy security; energy efficiency; trade in raw materials and natural resources

23.

Sustainability, Common Concern and Public Goods

The George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 801-877, 2017, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 253/2017
Number of pages: 78 Posted: 13 Feb 2017 Last Revised: 06 Oct 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 609 (74,394)

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sustainable development, international trade, climate change, sustainable energy, citizens’ empowerment, public goods, common concern, sustainable companies

24.

Road to Paris COP21: Towards Soft Global Governance for Climate Change?

Downloads 595 (76,587)
Citation 1

Road to Paris COP21: Towards Soft Global Governance for Climate Change?

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 186/2014
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 08 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Luigi Carafa
Alfaisal University and College of Europe, Bruges
Downloads 313 (160,621)

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Road to Paris COP21: Towards Soft Global Governance for Climate Change?

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 5(2), pp. 130-135, 2014
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 02 Dec 2014 Last Revised: 28 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Luigi Carafa
Alfaisal University and College of Europe, Bruges
Downloads 282 (179,371)

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COP21, Conference of the Parties, global governance for climate change mitigation, carbon emissions reduction

25.

How Will the EU Approach the BRIC Countries? Future Trade Challenges

Vienna Online Journal of International Constitutional Law, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 235-271, 2008
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 06 May 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 591 (77,245)

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EU, BRIC, agriculture, energy security, Mode 4, intellectual property

26.

The Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources in the GATT and WTO: Implications for the Conservation of Oil Resources

The Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 480-531, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 143/2013
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 30 Apr 2013 Last Revised: 16 May 2013
Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary, University of London and Alfaisal University
Downloads 570 (80,770)

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27.

Is the Kyoto Protocol an Adequate Environmental Agreement to Resolve the Climate Change Problem?

European Environmental Law Review, Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 282-294, Winter 2001
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 01 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 534 (87,616)

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Kyoto Protocol, global warming, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions

28.

The European Court of Justice and the EC External Trade Relations: A Legal Analysis of the Court's Problems with Regard to International Agreements

Nordic Journal of International Law, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 215-251, 2003
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 26 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 515 (91,627)

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WTO law, European Court of Justice, EC External Trade Relations

29.

Legal Aspects of the Promotion of Renewable Energy within the EU and in Relation to the EU’s Obligations in the WTO

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Issue 1/2014, pp.3-25, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 179/2014
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 20 Aug 2014 Last Revised: 12 Oct 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 480 (99,876)

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EU renewable energy; WTO; renewable energy; EU emissions trading system; subsidies; State aid

30.

The Principle of Proportionality in International Law

NCCR Trade Regulation Working Paper No 2012/38
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 26 Apr 2015
Thomas Cottier, Roberto Echandi, Rafael Leal-Arcas, Rachel G. Liechti-McKee, Tetyana Payosova and Charlotte Sieber-Gasser
University of Bern - Institute of European and International Economic Law, University of Bern - World Trade Institute, Alfaisal University, Institute for European and International Law, WTI/NCCR Trade and Geneva Graduate Institute, Centre for Trade and Economic Integration
Downloads 479 (100,127)
Citation 3

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proportionality, use of force, maritime boundary delimitation, WTO, GATT, GATS, investment law

31.

The EU Decision-Making Process in EC Trade Policy: The Three Internal Tensions

A CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE? GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, Astengo, F. & Neuwahl, N., eds., Vol. II, pp. 132-156, Collection "Etudes Europeennes", Chaire Jean Monnet, Universite de Montreal, 2004
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 15 Oct 2004 Last Revised: 26 Jun 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 474 (101,360)

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efficiency, accountability, trade policy, transparency, legitimacy

32.

Comparative Analysis of NAFTA's Chapter 20 and the WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding

Transnational Dispute Management, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1-25, September 2011, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 94/2011
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 08 Dec 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 473 (101,603)

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33.

European Union-China Trade Relations

Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 224-251, 2010
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 27 Jan 2011 Last Revised: 24 Mar 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 466 (103,420)
Citation 1

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China, Comprehensive Framework Agreement, EU, Bilateral Free-Trade Agreements, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, EU-China Trade Partnership

34.

Multilateral, Regional and Bilateral Energy Trade Governance

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 6(1), pp. 38-87, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 188/2014
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 27 Dec 2014 Last Revised: 18 Mar 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Costantino Grasso and Juan Alemany Rios
Alfaisal University, Manchester Metropolitan University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 465 (103,679)
Citation 1

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Multilateral energy trade governance; regional energy trade governance; Energy Charter Treaty; MERCOSUR; ASEAN; EU energy trade governance; WTO; IRENA; raw materials; natural resources; shale gas.

35.

Introduction: The European Energy Union: The Quest for Secure, Affordable and Sustainable Energy

The European Energy Union: The Quest for Secure, Affordable and Sustainable Energy, Claeys & Casteels Publishing, 2016
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 15 Feb 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 458 (105,550)

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EU Energy Union; energy security; TTIP; decarbonization; Paris Agreement on climate change; EU ETS; Southern Gas Corridor

36.

Climate Change and International Trade

R. Leal-Arcas, CLIMATE CHANGE AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2013
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 13 Feb 2013 Last Revised: 19 Feb 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 458 (105,820)

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climate change mitigation, international trade, multilayered governance, climate migration, trade and environment, EU emissions trading scheme, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, Bali Action Plan, Copenhagen Accord, Durban Platform, Cancun Agreements, CDM, Montreal Protocol, RTAs and climate change

37.

Mapping the International and European Governance of Renewable Energy

Oxford Yearbook of European Law, 2016 special issue Beyond Pluralism? Co-Implication, Embeddedness and Interdependency between Public International Law and EU Law, pp. 1-46, doi: 10.1093/yel/yew022, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 237/2016, King's College London Law School Research Paper No. 2016-32
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 25 Jul 2016 Last Revised: 03 Dec 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Stephen Minas
Alfaisal University and Peking University School of Transnational Law
Downloads 456 (106,102)
Citation 1

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renewable energy governance, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, sustainable development goals, multilateral development banks, economic development, international trade, EU renewable energy legislation, IRENA, IEA

38.

International Energy Governance: Selected Legal Issues

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE: SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2014
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 11 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 456 (106,102)

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global energy governance; energy security; international and EU energy law and governance; trade and energy; energy and law of the sea; renewable energy in the WTO and EU; energy, trade and environment.

39.

The EC in the WTO: The Three-Level Game of Decision-Making. What Multilateralism Can Learn from Regionalism

European Integration online Papers (EIoP), Vol. 8, No. 14, 2004
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 25 Sep 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 450 (107,728)

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Competences, international agreements, transparency, international trade, common commercial policy, trade policy, accountability, institutions, European Commission, European Parliament, Council of Ministers, WTO, political science, law

40.

Review of International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, pp. 1-4, October 2010
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 15 Oct 2010 Last Revised: 05 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 445 (109,167)

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International Energy Law, Energy Investment Disputes, Investor-State Disputes, Investment Stability, Arbitration, International Investment Law

41.

On Climate Migration and International Trade

Vienna Journal of International Constitutional Law, Vol. 6, No. 3-4, pp. 410-440, 2012, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 124/2012
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 30 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 04 Jan 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 441 (110,288)

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climate migration, international trade, climate change adaptation, international legal obligations, public morals, WTO general exceptions

42.

How Can the EU Diversify its Energy Supply to Improve its Energy Security?

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 190/2015
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 30 Jan 2015 Last Revised: 04 May 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Juan Alemany Rios
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 427 (114,558)

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single EU energy market; energy supply; liquefied natural gas; renewable energy; Southern Gas Corridor; Nabucco pipeline; Trans-Anatolian pipeline; Trans-Adriatic pipeline; International Energy Charter; Energy Charter Treaty

43.

Mega-Regionals and Sustainable Development: The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the Trans-Pacific Partnership

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 4, 2015, pp. 248-264
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 04 Feb 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 426 (114,902)

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Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Trans-Pacific Partnership, mega-regionals, sustainable development, energy, trade and investment, energy security, energy efficiency, trade in raw materials and natural resources

44.

Climate Change Mitigation from the Bottom Up: Using Preferential Trade Agreements to Promote Climate Change Mitigation

Carbon and Climate Law Rev, Vol. 7(1), pp. 34-42, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 150/2013
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 07 Aug 2013 Last Revised: 10 Feb 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 394 (125,747)
Citation 1

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Climate change mitigation,Preferential trade agreements,Trade,International trading system,Trade liberalization,Economic growth,Environmental protection,Subsidies,Sustainable development,Greenhouse gas,Trans-Pacific Partnership,Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership,Economic partnership agre

45.

Unconventional Energy Sources and EU Energy Security: A Legal, Economic and Political Analysis

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 4, 2014, pp. 1-37, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 181/2014
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 23 Sep 2014 Last Revised: 17 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Jan Schmitz
Alfaisal University and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 393 (126,109)

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International trade in energy law; EU energy policy; energy security; unconventional sources of fossil fuel; shale gas; geopolitics; OPEC

46.

Towards the Multilateralization of International Investment Law

Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 865-919, 2009
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 05 Jan 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 393 (126,109)
Citation 1

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multilateralization, international investment law, foreign direct investment, World Trade Organization, multilateral framework for investment, Multilateral Agreement on Investment

47.

Energy Trade as a Special Sector in the WTO: Unique Features, Unprecedented Challenges and Unresolved Issues

Indian Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 6, pp. 1-53, 2014, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 176/2014
Number of pages: 55 Posted: 04 Jun 2014 Last Revised: 13 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 392 (126,479)
Citation 1

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international trade in energy, GATT/WTO law, energy-rich countries, international trade law

48.

The Contribution of Free Trade Agreements and Bilateral Investment Treaties to a Sustainable Future

Zeitschrift für Europarechtliche Studien – ZEuS, Vol. 23, Issue 1/2020, pp. 3-76.
Number of pages: 74 Posted: 16 Dec 2019 Last Revised: 04 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Marek Anderle, Filipa Santos, Luuk Uilenbroek and Hannah Schragmann
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London and Copenhagen Business School - Department of International Business and Politics
Downloads 385 (129,074)
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49.

EU Legal Personality in Foreign Policy?

Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 165-212, 2006
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 26 Jul 2007 Last Revised: 10 Jan 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 378 (131,824)

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European Union, legal personality, European Community, foreign policy

50.

The Energy Community and the Energy Charter Treaty: Special Legal Regimes, their Systemic Relationship to the EU, and their Dispute Settlement Arrangements

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 1-42, 2014
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 29 May 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 371 (134,564)
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Energy Charter Treaty, Energy Community, European Union, EU energy security, EU energy policy, dispute settlement, normative conflicts, fragmentation of international law, meta-norms, treaty interpretation

51.

Trade Proposals for Climate Action

Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 11-54, 2014, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 173/2014
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 29 Mar 2014 Last Revised: 20 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 365 (137,453)
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climate change mitigation; preferential trade agreements; energy trade; renewable energy; green energy governance; renewable subsidies; GATT Article XX; Emissions Trading Scheme; eco-labelling; global carbon market

52.

China’s Attitude to Multilateralism in International Economic Law and Governance: Challenges for the World Trading System

Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 259-273, 2010 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 51/2010
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 01 May 2010 Last Revised: 16 Aug 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 358 (139,996)
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53.

The World Trade Organization and Carbon Market Clubs

Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 52.4, pp. 895-976, 2021
Number of pages: 82 Posted: 18 Feb 2021 Last Revised: 24 Jun 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 345 (145,781)

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climate clubs, emission units, like products, ETS, border carbon adjustments

54.

Smart Grids in the European Union: Assessing Energy Security, Regulation & Social and Ethical Considerations

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 291-389 (2018)
Number of pages: 99 Posted: 01 Nov 2017 Last Revised: 04 Nov 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Feja Lesniewska and Filippos Proedrou
Alfaisal University, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and University of South Wales
Downloads 345 (145,781)
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smart grids; prosumers; sustainability; energy security; demand response; electricity storage; collaborative economy; circular economy; cybersecurity; data protection

55.

EU Relations with China and Russia: How to Approach New Superpowers in Trade Matters

Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 22-52, 2009, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 6/2009
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 22 Jan 2009 Last Revised: 04 Feb 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 344 (146,224)

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EU, international trade, Russia, China, energy security

56.

The Transition Towards Decarbonization: A Legal and Policy Exploration of the European Union

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 222/2016
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 02 Mar 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 339 (148,542)

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decarbonization, Paris Agreement on Climate Change, EU emissions trading scheme, aviation, shipping

57.

The European Union and the BRIC Countries: Unilateralism, Bilateralism and Multilateralism

THE EU IN THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY, pp. 91-118, Finn. Laursen, ed., PIE Peter Lang, 2009
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 08 Oct 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 338 (148,998)
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EU, BRIC countries, unilateralism, bilateralism, regionalism, multilateralism

58.

EU-China Trade Relations: Current Difficulties and Ways to Improve Them

International Security Forum, April 2010
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 02 Jul 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 337 (149,440)

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European Union, China, International Trade, EU-China Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

59.

The Fragmentation of International Trade Law: Is Now the Time for Variable Geometry?

The Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 145-195, 2011
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 28 Mar 2011 Last Revised: 04 Jun 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 335 (150,364)
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fragmentation, international trade law, multilateralism, plurilateralism, regionalism, bilateralism, unilateralism, variable geometry, sectoral agreements

60.

Unitary Character of EC External Trade Relations

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 7.3, Fall 2001, pp. 355-383
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 01 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 329 (153,246)

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EC external trade relations, international agreements, single voice, shared competence

61.

Choice of Jurisdiction in International Trade Disputes: Going Regional or Global?

Minnesota Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, pp. 1-59, 2007
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 26 Mar 2007
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 326 (154,819)

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international trade disputes, NAFTA, WTO

62.

Review of 'Free Movement of Goods and Limits of Regulatory Autonomy in the EU and WTO'

European Law Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 508-510, 2010
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 16 Aug 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 324 (155,880)

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EU, WTO, free movement of goods

63.

Conceptualizing EU Energy Security Through an EU Constitutional Law Perspective

Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 36, pp. 1224-1300, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 148/2013
Number of pages: 77 Posted: 14 May 2013 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 321 (157,412)
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EU energy security, EU energy policy, Treaty of Lisbon, common EU energy security policy, Internal Energy Market; Energy Community, shale gas, EU Emissions Trading System, energy transit

64.

Energy Transit Activities: Collection of Intergovernmental Agreements on Oil and Gas Transit Pipelines and Commentary

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 177/2014
Number of pages: 61 Posted: 17 Jul 2014 Last Revised: 18 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Mariya Peykova
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 319 (158,455)

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Energy transit; Energy Charter Conference; Energy Charter Treaty; Energy Charter Draft Transit Protocol; Model Inter-Governmental and Host Government Agreements; Nabucco pipeline; South Caucasus pipeline; BTC pipeline; TAPI pipeline; Kirkuk Agreement

65.

Prosumers: New Actors in EU Energy Security

Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2017, Vol. 48, Chapter 5, pp. 139-172, TMC Asser Press, 2018;
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 01 Aug 2017 Last Revised: 19 Aug 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Feja Lesniewska and Filippos Proedrou
Alfaisal University, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and University of South Wales
Downloads 316 (160,045)
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66.

The Resilience of the Paris Agreement: Negotiating and Implementing the Climate Regime

Georgetown Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31.1, pp. 1-64, 2018, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 284/2018;
Number of pages: 64 Posted: 28 Aug 2018 Last Revised: 26 Jan 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Antonio Morelli
Alfaisal University and American University - Washington College of Law
Downloads 315 (160,587)
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Paris Agreement, climate change, international trade

67.

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Energy and Divestment

Van de Graaf, T. et al., Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy, Palgrave, 2016 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 213/2016
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 06 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 08 Sep 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Costantino Grasso
Alfaisal University and Manchester Metropolitan University
Downloads 314 (161,142)

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Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership; energy; raw materials; natural resources; divestment; shale gas

68.

The European Union and New Leading Powers: Towards Partnership in Strategic Trade Policy Areas

Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 32, pp. 345-416, 2009, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 23/2009
Number of pages: 73 Posted: 13 Feb 2009 Last Revised: 25 Jun 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 313 (161,661)
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European Union, BRIC countries, unilateralism, bilateralism/regionalism, multilateralism, global economic governance

69.

Theory and Practice of EC External Trade Law and Policy

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EC EXTERNAL TRADE LAW AND POLICY, Cameron May, 2008
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 30 May 2009 Last Revised: 01 Jun 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 306 (165,545)

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European Community, international trade agreements, services trade, Common Commercial Policy, mixed agreements, Doha Round, European Union

70.

Certain Legal Aspects of the Multilateral Trade System and the Promotion of Renewable Energy

Lim, C.L. and Mercurio, B. (eds.) International Economic Law after the Crisis: A Tale of Fragmented Disciplines, Cambridge University Press, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 166/2014
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 18 Jan 2014 Last Revised: 06 May 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 301 (168,458)
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World Trade Organization; renewable energy; subsidies; environmental protection; feed-in tariffs; wind power; biodiesels

71.

Research Handbook on EU Energy Law and Policy (Introduction)

Research Handbook on EU Energy Law and Policy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2017
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 18 Oct 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Jan Wouters
Alfaisal University and KU Leuven - Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies
Downloads 296 (171,435)

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EU energy policy; European energy union; Energy Charter Treaty; global energy security; electricity; Paris Agreement; energy and environment

72.

The Energy Community, the Energy Charter Treaty and the Promotion of EU Energy Security

Buschle, D. and Talus, K. (eds.) The Energy Community: A New Energy Governance System, Intersentia, pp. 551-589, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 203/2015
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 04 Jun 2015 Last Revised: 08 Feb 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 292 (173,907)
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Energy Charter Treaty, Energy Community, European Union, EU energy security

73.

The EU Constitutional Treaty and International Trade

THE RISE AND FALL OF THE EU'S CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY, F. Laursen, pp. 25-50, Brill/Nijhoff, Leiden, 2008
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 23 Apr 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 292 (173,907)

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EU Constitution, international trade, efficiency, accountability, democratic deficit

74.

The European Community and the International Trading System: A Judicial Approach

International Relations Journal, Vol. 22, No.1, pp. 47-54, Fall 2002
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 01 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 288 (176,476)

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WTO agreement, European Court of Justice, EC external trade relations, GATT, WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding

75.

The Climate-Energy-Trade Nexus in EU External Relations

Minas, S. and Ntousas, V. (eds.) EU Climate Diplomacy: Politics, Law and Negotiations, Routledge, pp. 153-168, 2018, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 261/2017
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 31 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 17 Jun 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Eduardo Alvarez Armas
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary University of London - Centre for Commercial Law Studies
Downloads 275 (184,961)

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climate change, energy, EU free-trade agreements, environmental agreements

76.

Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty (Introduction)

Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty (2018)
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 24 Jan 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 255 (199,502)

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Energy Charter Treaty, international energy law and policy, energy security, energy investment, energy trade, energy dispute settlement

77.

New Frontiers of International Economic Law: The Quest for Sustainable Development

University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, Vol. 40.1, pp. 83-133, 2018, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 276/2018
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 19 Mar 2018 Last Revised: 14 Jan 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 251 (202,654)
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international trade agreements, climate change mitigation, energy security, sustainable energy, international cooperation, decarbonization, sustainable development, citizens’ empowerment

78.

How Governing International Trade in Energy Can Enhance EU Energy Security

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 202-219, 2015
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 14 Oct 2015 Last Revised: 02 Nov 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 251 (202,654)
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energy security, international trade in energy, EU energy policy

79.

Energy Transit: Intergovernmental Agreements on Oil and Gas Transit Pipelines

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 6(2), pp. 122-162, 2015
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 18 Oct 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Mariya Peykova, Tathagata Choudhury and Malakee Makhoul
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary, University of London, Amarchand & Mangaldas & Suresh A Shroff & Co and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 245 (207,427)

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Energy transit; Energy Charter Conference; Energy Charter Treaty; Energy Charter Draft Transit Protocol; Model Inter-Governmental and Host Government Agreements; Nabucco pipeline; South Caucasus pipeline; BTC pipeline; TAPI pipeline; Kirkuk Agreement

80.

The Resumption of the Doha Round and the Future of Services Trade

Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 339-461, 2007
Number of pages: 123 Posted: 14 Mar 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 237 (214,196)

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Doha round, services trade, Lisbon Treaty

81.

The EC in GATT/WTO Negotiations: From Rome to Nice - Have EC Trade Policy Reforms Been Good Enough for a Coherent EC Trade Policy in the WTO?

EIoP, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2004
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 09 Apr 2004 Last Revised: 25 Feb 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 234 (216,915)

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Common commercial policy, competences, international agreements, trade policy, Amsterdam Treaty, Nice Treaty, European Convention, law

82.

Three Thoughts on Brexit

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 249/2016
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 25 Nov 2016 Last Revised: 23 Dec 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 233 (217,842)

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Brexit, Frexit, Article 50 TEU, free-trade agreement, European Economic Area, European Free Trade Association, World Trade Organization, customs union, Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

83.

50 Years of Trade Policy: Good Enough or as Good as it Gets?

Irish Journal of European Law, Vol. 15, Nos. 1 & 2, pp. 157-182, 2008, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13/2009
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 27 Dec 2008 Last Revised: 19 Mar 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 231 (219,675)

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EC trade competence, Amsterdam Treaty, Nice Treaty, Constitutional Treaty, Lisbon Treaty

84.

Energy Decentralization in the European Union

Georgetown Environmental Law Review, Vol. 32.1, 2019, Forthcoming, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 307/2019
Number of pages: 58 Posted: 13 Feb 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Nelson Akondo
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary University of London, School of Law
Downloads 226 (224,367)

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85.

The State of Play of the EC's Common Commercial Policy: A Legal and Policy Analysis

Tilburg Foreign Law Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 537-559, 2003
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 01 Jul 2004 Last Revised: 16 Feb 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 226 (224,367)

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international trade, EC common commercial policy, Nice Treaty, European Convention, Article 133 EC

86.

Climate Clubs and International Trade across the European and International Landscape

European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 29, Issue 3, pp. 72-88, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 331/2020
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 04 Mar 2020 Last Revised: 09 Jul 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 224 (226,253)

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climate action, renewable energy, sustainability, storage, clean energy, technology, innovation, climate clubs, international trade

87.

The EU Institutions and Their Modus Operandi in the World Trading System

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 12.1, pp. 125-197, Winter 2005/2006
Number of pages: 92 Posted: 28 Nov 2006
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 224 (226,253)

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negotiation, conclusion, ratification, judicial enforcement of international trade agreements

88.

A New Era in Global Economic Governance

International Security Forum, 2009
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 14 Jul 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 222 (228,133)

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global economic governance, G-20, G-7, multipolarity, rise of regionalism

89.

Decarbonizing the Energy Sector

Journal of Animal and Natural Resource Law, Vol. XV, pp. 173-271, 2019, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 309/2019
Number of pages: 72 Posted: 05 Mar 2019 Last Revised: 08 Jan 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Mariya Peykova, Victoria Nalule, Pinar Kara and Pinar Kara
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary, University of London, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of LondonIstanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Law
Downloads 218 (232,114)

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90.

Renewables, Preferential Trade Agreements and EU Energy Security

Laws, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 472-514, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 208/2015
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 28 Jul 2015 Last Revised: 08 Aug 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Valentina Caruso and Raphaela Leupuscek
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary University of London - Centre for Commercial Law Studies (CCLS) and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 216 (234,033)

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renewable energy; preferential trade agreements; energy security; EU; Energy Community; climate change

91.

Will EU Member States Play Any Role at the WTO After the EU Reform Treaty?

Vienna Online Journal of International Constitutional Law, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 75-90, 2007
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 10 Dec 2007
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 216 (234,033)

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WTO, EU Member States, Reform Treaty, federation

92.

China’s Economic Rise and Regional Trade

APEC AND THE RISE OF CHINA, pp. 93-120, L. Ho and J. Wong, eds., World Scientific, 2011
Posted: 03 May 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 214 (236,153)
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global economic power, multilateral trade, regionalism, regional trade, WTO, East Asian Free Trade Area, Doha Round, accession to the WTO, China, status as developing country, role in Doha Round, attitude to multilateralism

93.

Certain Normative Aspects of the Institutional Architecture of Global Energy Governance

Boulle, L., Laryea, E. and Sucker, F. (eds.) International Economic Law and African Development, Siber Ink, 2014, pp. 27-60
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 19 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 212 (238,148)

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global energy governance, international cooperation in energy, energy supply and consumption, trade in energy, energy investment, energy security

94.

Solutions for Sustainability: How the International Trade, Energy and Climate Change Regimes Can Help (Table of Contents and Chapter 1)

SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABILITY: HOW THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ENERGY, AND CLIMATE CHANGE REGIMES CAN HELP, Springer Nature, 2019; ISBN 978-3-030-23932-9
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 11 Sep 2019 Last Revised: 18 Sep 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 210 (240,204)

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international trade, climate change mitigation, sustainable energy, sustainability

95.

Is EC Trade Policy Up to Par?: A Legal Analysis over Time - Rome, Marrakesh, Amsterdam, Nice, and the Constitutional Treaty

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 305-399, Spring 2007
Number of pages: 96 Posted: 14 Mar 2007
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 206 (244,485)

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European Community trade policy, WTO, international trade

96.

Towards Sustainability in Trade, Energy and Climate

Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-30, 2020
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 09 Mar 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 202 (248,956)

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international trade, climate change, energy, sustainability

97.

The Role of the European Union and China in Global Climate Change Negotiations: A Critical Analysis

Journal of European Integration History, Vol. 18, pp. 67-81, 2012
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 02 May 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 202 (248,956)

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global climate change negotiations, China, European Union, aviation, EU emissions trading scheme

98.

Polycephalous Anatomy of the EC in the WTO: An Analysis of Law and Practice

Florida Journal of International Law, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 569-670, 2007
Number of pages: 102 Posted: 28 Mar 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 202 (248,956)

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European Community, WTO, allocation of competences, mixed agreements, duty of cooperation

99.

Climate Neutrality and Sustainability in International Trade

University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, Vol. 44, Issue 3, pp. 619-700, 2023, Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 388/2022
Number of pages: 82 Posted: 18 Aug 2022 Last Revised: 03 May 2023
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Luis Ulloa Martinez, Victory Abang, Krishma Kapur, Saffron Greenwod, Konstantinos Chatzopoulos, Archana Nair and Lisa Schoettmer
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 195 (256,999)

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sustainability, climate neutrality, international trade, climate clubs, WTO, border tax adjustments, plurilateralism, free trade agreements

100.

Business Models for Decentralized Energy

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 311/2019
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 05 Mar 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, George Thanos, Michalis Kanakakis, Gemma Fearnley and Juan Alemany Rios
Alfaisal University, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens University of Economics and Business, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 194 (258,163)

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101.

Is Lisbon the Answer or the Anathema to EC Trade Law and Policy?

THE DYNAMICS OF TRADE LAW AND ECONOMICS, S. Kierkegaard, ed., International Association of IT Lawyers, pp. 138-158, 2008
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 07 Sep 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 191 (261,850)

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Lisbon Treaty, trust, collective action, democratic deficit

102.

On China’s Economic Rise: Multilateral versus Regional Attitudes in Trade Agreements and the PCA with the EU

Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, Vol. 27, pp. 12-42, 2011
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 30 Sep 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 190 (263,050)

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global economic superpower, multilateral trade, regional trade, East Asian Free Trade Area, WTO, EU-China trade

103.

Introduction: Energy Security, Trade and the EU: Regional and International Perspectives

Energy Security, Trade and the EU: Regional and International Perspectives, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2016
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 19 Sep 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Costantino Grasso
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary, University of London and Manchester Metropolitan University
Downloads 189 (264,354)

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energy security, international trade, European Union, energy trade governance, energy transit, unconventional fossil fuel sources, renewables, preferential trade agreements, European Energy Union

104.

The Reception of European Community Law in Spain

Hanse Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 18-21, 2005
Number of pages: 4 Posted: 04 May 2005
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 188 (265,607)

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EC law, Spanish constitution, Spanish constitutional court, fundamental human rights

105.

Of International Trade, Climate Change, Investment and a Prosperous Future

Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 405-455, 2020
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 10 Sep 2020 Last Revised: 22 Feb 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Samuel BALZANO, Jakkrit Deethae, Tanvir Rai Singh and Kristina Skybova
Alfaisal University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Independent and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 186 (268,221)

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international trade, climate change, bilateral investment treaties, technology

106.

United We Stand, Divided We Fall - the European Community and its Member States in the WTO Forum: Towards a Common Position on Issues of Shared Competence

European Political Economy Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 65-79, Spring 2003
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 01 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 183 (272,057)

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mixed agreements, EC external trade relations, WTO, shared competence

107.

The Transition to Decentralized Energy: Challenges, Opportunities and Progress

University of Puerto Rico Business Law Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 1-70, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 310/2019
Number of pages: 70 Posted: 05 Mar 2019 Last Revised: 11 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Stanislava Boskovic and Muhammad Syed Abubakr Karimabadi
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 180 (275,967)

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decentralized energy, demand response, electric vehicles, deregulation, smart meters, smart grids

108.

Towards a Carbon-Free, Decentralized, and Democratized System of Energy Generation

Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol. 35, Issue 2, pp. 133-202, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 319/2019
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 29 Sep 2019 Last Revised: 03 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Andrew Filis, Mariya Peykova and Marius Greger
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary, University of London, Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 175 (282,852)

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109.

Doha Negotiations on Services Trade: Consequences of the Nice Treaty Reform and the Constitutional Treaty

Federal Trust for Education and Research Online Paper No. 22/04
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 15 Oct 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 172 (287,175)

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Doha negotiations, trade in services, Nice Treaty, Constitutional Treaty

110.

The GATS in the Doha Round: A European Perspective

THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND TRADE IN SERVICES, Alexander, K. & Andenas, M., eds., pp. 9-104, Brill/Nijhoff, 2008
Number of pages: 49 Posted: 24 Apr 2009 Last Revised: 27 Apr 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 168 (292,934)

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GATS, Doha Round, international trade in services, Lisbon Treaty, EU, EC, mixed agreements

111.

Inter-State Cooperation in Energy Transit

UNU-CRIS Working Paper W-2015/2, 2015, pp. 1-23
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 03 Apr 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 166 (295,867)

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global energy governance, fragmentation of the global energy governance regime, energy transit, Energy Charter Conference, WTO, NAFTA, ASEAN, EU

112.

Green Bills for Green Earth: How the International Trade and Climate Regimes Work Together To Save the Planet

European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 19-40, 2022
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 06 Dec 2021 Last Revised: 31 Jan 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 164 (298,952)
Citation 2

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European Green Deal, US Green New Deal, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, carbon pricing, GATT general exceptions, non-discrimination principle in GATT

113.

A Paradigm Shift in the Governance of Sustainable Development: Citizens’ Empowerment

International markets regulation and the erosion of the European political and social model, Thomson Reuters, 2019
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 16 Jul 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 162 (302,019)

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energy transition, climate action, international trade, sustainable development, empowering citizens

114.

EU Energy Law and Policy: The External Dimension (Introduction)

EU Energy Law and Policy: The external dimension, Eliva Press, 2020; ISBN-13: 978-9975-3417-5-2.
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 31 Jul 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 158 (308,410)

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energy law and policy of the European Union, Energy Community, Gulf Cooperation Council, Energy Charter Treaty

115.

Designing International Trade in Energy Governance for EU Energy Security

Heffron, R. and Little, G. (eds.) Delivering Energy Law and Policy in the EU and the US: A Reader, Edinburgh University Press, 2016, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 197/2015
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 22 May 2015 Last Revised: 08 Sep 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 158 (308,410)

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international trade in energy governance; sovereignty over natural resources; energy security; energy supply; energy diversification; renewable energy

116.

Energy Trade in the MENA Region: Looking Beyond the Pan-Arab Electricity Market

Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 10, Issue 6, pp. 520-549, Oxford University Press, 2017
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 30 Nov 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Nelson Akondo and Juan Alemany Rios
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 156 (311,754)
Citation 2

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Energy Trade, MENA Region, Electricity Trade, Gas Trade, Energy Sustainability, Clean Energy, Regional Trade Agreements

117.

Ramifications of GATS Mode 4 for European Union-India Trade Relations

International Security Forum, April 2010
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 01 May 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 156 (311,754)

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European Union, India, international trade, temporary migration, GATS Mode 4

118.

International Trade, Energy Transition and Climate Change Obligations: The perspective of small Pacific islands and the Caribbean Community

Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 13.2, pp. 198-263, 2021
Number of pages: 68 Posted: 25 Oct 2021 Last Revised: 10 Jan 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Raphaël Ribeaud, Manuliza Faktaufon, Rojae Brown and Kaushal Prakash
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary University, Queen Mary University of London, Independent and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 152 (318,738)

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Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability (ACCTS), International trading system, sustainability, Sustainable Development Goals, energy transition, small Pacific islands, climate change obligations, CARICOM

119.

Connections Between Climate Change and International Trade

House of Commons International Trade Committee, written evidence
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 20 Sep 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 147 (327,459)

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international trade, climate change mitigation, sustainability, carbon border adjustment mechanism, technology

120.

Linking the European Union to the Energy Charter Treaty and the Energy Community

Energy Charter Knowledge Centre Review, Issue 3, May/June 2014, pp. 16-19, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 178/2014
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 17 Jul 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 147 (327,459)

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Energy Charter Treaty; Energy Community; European Union; EU energy security

121.

A Look at Services Trade: Implications of the Doha Talks Suspension and Resumption

ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, J. Chaisse & T. Balmelli, eds., Vol. 1, Editions Interuniversitaires Suisses, pp. 99-134, 2008
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 19 Feb 2008 Last Revised: 14 Jan 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 147 (327,459)

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services trade, Doha Round, WTO

122.

Reflections on EU International Trade Law: An Introspective View

Frontiers of Law in China, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-20, 2012, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 101/2012
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 15 Mar 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 146 (329,214)

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123.

Climate Clubs for a Sustainable Future: The role of international trade and investment law (Table of Contents and Introduction)

Climate Clubs for a Sustainable Future: The role of international trade and investment law; Energy and Environmental Law and Policy Series, Kluwer Law International, 2021; ISBN-13: 978-94-035-3715-3
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 24 Aug 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 145 (331,114)

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climate clubs, minilateralism, legitimacy, multilateralism, accountability, international trade, bilateral investment treaties

124.

The Significance of the Nice Treaty and Constitutional Treaty in Relation to Services Trade in the Doha Round Framework

International Relations and Politics Online Quarterly, No. 1, pp. 62-83, March 2005
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 05 Apr 2005
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 144 (332,888)

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GATS, Doha Round, Nice Treaty, Constitutional Treaty, mixed agreements

125.

Climate Change Mitigation Law and Policy of the BRICs

Queen Mary University of London, School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 342/2020, pp. 1-60
Number of pages: 60 Posted: 07 Jan 2021 Last Revised: 14 Jun 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Mariam Al Zarkani, Lina Jbara, Marianna Margaritidou and Ruqaya Mohamed Mubwana
Alfaisal University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 143 (334,711)

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climate change mitigation, BRICs

126.

China’s Attitude to Multilateralism in International Economic Law and Governance (in Chinese)

ENGLISH SCHOOL THEORY AND INTERNATIONAL HISTORY STUDIES, pp. 194-214, D. Liu, ed., Peking University Press, 2011
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 10 Jun 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 142 (336,632)

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WTO, FTAs, trade, China, global economic superpower

127.

A Bottom-Up Approach for Climate Change: The Trade Experience

Asian Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 1-54, 2011
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 03 Jan 2012 Last Revised: 30 Jan 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 141 (338,513)
Citation 2

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bottom-up approach for climate change, climate-based RTAs, variable geometry, flexible approach

128.

Review of The WTO and the Environment: Development of Competence Beyond Trade

Carbon and Climate Law Review, Vol. 7(4), 2013, pp. 310-312
Number of pages: 3 Posted: 20 Mar 2014 Last Revised: 10 May 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 140 (340,423)

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trade and the environment, WTO, conservation or protection of the environment, GATT Article XX(g), Committee on Trade and Environment

129.

Towards Energy Democratization

Colorado Natural Resources, Energy, and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 1-83, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 308/2019
Number of pages: 66 Posted: 22 Feb 2019 Last Revised: 19 Feb 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Marius Greger and Hanna Knigge
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 138 (344,264)

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130.

The European Union Vis-a-Vis Brazil and India: Future Avenues in Selected Trade Policy Areas

International Journal of Private Law, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 109-134, 2009
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 23 Nov 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 134 (352,213)

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Brazil, India, trade, agriculture, temporary migration, European Union

131.

International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Climate Clubs

Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 362/2021
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 13 Sep 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 132 (356,228)

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climate clubs, minilateralism, legitimacy, multilateralism, accountability, international trade

132.

Services as Key for the Conclusion of the Doha Round

Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 301-321, 2008
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 29 Oct 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 131 (358,291)
Citation 1

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GATS, services trade, Doha Round, request/offer, EC

133.

Bridging the Gap in the Doha Talks: A Look at Services Trade

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND TRADE: BRIDGING THE EAST-WEST DIVIDE, S. Kierkegaard, ed., International Association of IT Lawyers, 2007
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 18 May 2007 Last Revised: 14 Jan 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 129 (362,464)

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Doha Round, services trade, liberalization, WTO, commitments

134.

Regulation, Innovation, and Technology for 21st Century Energy Goals

Journal of Law and Cyber Warfare, Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 30-107, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 312/2019
Number of pages: 85 Posted: 11 Mar 2019 Last Revised: 03 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Gemma Fearnley and Chana Gluck
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 126 (368,901)

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135.

International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Climate Clubs

Downloads 125 (371,081)
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International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Climate Clubs

European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 30, Issue 5, 2021, pp. 195-218; Queen Mary University of London, School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 362/2021, pp. 1-38.
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 11 Jun 2021 Last Revised: 11 Oct 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 86 (484,320)

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climate clubs, minilateralism, legitimacy, multilateralism, accountability, international trade

International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Climate Clubs

Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 362/2021
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 10 Jun 2021 Last Revised: 13 Sep 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andrew Filis
Alfaisal University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 39 (720,078)
Citation 2

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136.

Energy Decentralization and Decarbonization: The Case of Romania and Malta

Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 60, Issue 1, pp. 117-166, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 320/2019
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 29 Sep 2019 Last Revised: 07 Apr 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Andrew Filis and Victoria Nalule
Alfaisal University, Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 121 (380,314)
Citation 1

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energy decentralization and decarbonization, electricity sector, smart grids, smart meters

137.

China and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Journal of Global Policy and Governance, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 287-304, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 165/2013
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 02 Nov 2013 Last Revised: 09 Aug 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas
Alfaisal University
Downloads 119 (384,852)

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Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; free trade agreements; bilateral trade; regional trade; World Trade Organization

138.