Rafael Leal-Arcas

KAPSARC School of Public Policy

Professor of Law and Public Policy

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

  • KAPSARC School of Public Policy

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

205

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63,274

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in Total Papers Citations

133

CROSSREF CITATIONS

88

Scholarly Papers (205)

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1.

Essential Elements of the Rule of Law Concept in the EU

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 180/2014
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 21 Aug 2014 Last Revised: 31 Mar 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 3,769 (5,802)

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rule of law, access to justice and judicial review, legal certainty, proportionality, equality and non-discrimination, transparency in EU law

2.

Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches for Climate Change Negotiations: An Analysis

Downloads 2,210 (13,614)

Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches for Climate Change Negotiations: An Analysis

The IUP Journal of Governance and Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 7-52, December 2011
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 27 Oct 2011 Last Revised: 04 Sep 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 2,210 (13,368)

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bottom-up approach to climate change, climate-based regional trade agreements, flexible approach, Major Economies Forum, variable geometry

Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches for Climate Change Negotiations: An Analysis

The IUP Journal of Governance and Public Policy, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 7-52, December 2011
Posted: 04 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 10 Sep 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy

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bottom-up approach to climate change, climate-based regional trade agreements, flexible approach, major economies forum, variable geometry

3.

The European Community and Mixed Agreements

European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 483-513, Winter 2001
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 15 Apr 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 1,346 (29,200)

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European community, mixed agreements, international law

4.

Kyoto and the COPs: Lessons Learned and Looking Ahead

Hague Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 23, pp. 17-90, 2010
Number of pages: 74 Posted: 03 Jan 2012 Last Revised: 02 Oct 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 1,286 (31,307)

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climate finance, Cancún Agreements, Copenhagen Accord, Kyoto Protocol, COPs, EU Emissions Trading Scheme

5.

Proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements: Complementing or Supplanting Multilateralism?

Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 597-629, 2011, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 78/2011
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 26 Feb 2011 Last Revised: 15 Apr 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 1,133 (37,457)
Citation 3

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WTO, international trading system, RTA proliferation, non-discrimination, variable geometry, single undertaking

6.

The Fragmented Governance of the Global Energy Economy: A Legal-Institutional Analysis

Downloads 1,111 (38,557)
Citation 6

The Fragmented Governance of the Global Energy Economy: A Legal-Institutional Analysis

Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 6, Issue 4, pp. 1-58, 2013, Oxford University Press
Number of pages: 58 Posted: 21 Jul 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 933 (48,642)

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global energy governance, international cooperation in energy, WTO, PTAs, Energy Charter Conference, OPEC, investment treaties, ICSID, UNFCCC, energy security, IEA, IEF, MEF, national oil companies, World Petroleum Council

The Fragmented Governance of the Global Energy Economy: A Legal-Institutional Analysis

Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 167/2014
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 21 Jan 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 178 (323,714)
Citation 2

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7.

The Multilateralization of International Investment Law

North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 33-135, 2009, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 41/2010
Number of pages: 104 Posted: 21 Dec 2009 Last Revised: 09 Feb 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 1,061 (41,199)
Citation 1

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multilateral investment treaty, bilateral investment treaty, FDI law, regional investment agreements, WTO, forum shopping in dispute resolution, inconsistency of arbitral awards

8.

The BRICS and Climate Change

International Affairs Forum, pp. 1-5, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 151/2013
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 07 Aug 2013 Last Revised: 25 Oct 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 1,038 (42,513)
Citation 2

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equity in climate change mitigation, BRICS, energy efficiency, economic growth

9.

A Legal Exploration of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 223-240, 2022
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 05 Jan 2022 Last Revised: 29 Jul 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 989 (45,536)
Citation 1

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Carbon border adjustment mechanism, WTO, European Green Deal, international trade, GATT, sustainable development, Fit for 55

10.

Renewable Energy Disputes in the World Trade Organization

Downloads 915 (50,712)
Citation 3

Renewable Energy Disputes in the World Trade Organization

Oil, Gas and Energy Law Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 3, pp. 1-51, 2015
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 20 Mar 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 693 (72,584)

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governance of renewable energy; WTO and renewable energy; environmental protection objectives and the WTO; energy trade; renewable subsidies

Renewable Energy Disputes in the World Trade Organization

Published in Transnational Dispute Management, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 1-51, 2015 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 198/2015
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 22 May 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 222 (263,914)
Citation 1

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governance of renewable energy; WTO and renewable energy; environmental protection objectives and the WTO; energy trade; renewable subsidies

11.

Unilateral Trade-Related Climate Change Measures

The Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 13, No. 6, 2012 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 123/2012
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 30 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 05 Dec 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 823 (58,677)
Citation 2

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EU emissions trading scheme, trade and climate change, WTO subsidies for renewable energy, trade and energy, energy and climate change, aviation, shipping

12.

The EU and Russia as Energy Trading Partners: Friends or Foes?

European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 337-366, 2009
Posted: 26 Jun 2009 Last Revised: 13 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 809 (60,028)
Citation 2

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EU, Russia, energy security, Energy Charter Treaty, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

13.

Exclusive or Shared Competence in the Common Commercial Policy: From Amsterdam to Nice

Downloads 805 (60,413)
Citation 4

Exclusive or Shared Competence in the Common Commercial Policy: From Amsterdam to Nice

Number of pages: 20 Posted: 30 Jun 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 483 (113,867)
Citation 5

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Division of competencies, transparency, simplicity, common commercial policy, Nice Treaty

Exclusive or Shared Competence in the Common Commercial Policy: From Amsterdam to Nice

Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol.30, No.1, pp. 3-14, 2003
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 28 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 322 (180,924)

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Division of competencies, transparency, simplicity, common commercial policy, Nice Treaty

14.

The European Union and its Energy Security Challenges

Downloads 793 (61,672)
Citation 5

The European Union and its Energy Security Challenges

Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 8, 2015, Oxford University Press, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 205/2015
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 10 Jun 2015 Last Revised: 13 Jul 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Costantino Grasso
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary, University of London and Manchester Metropolitan University
Downloads 445 (125,586)
Citation 3

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EU energy security, EU single energy market, diversification of energy supplies, liquefied natural gas, shale gas, Southern Gas Corridor, Turkish Stream, Trans-Anatolian pipeline, International Energy Charter, Yukos

The European Union and Its Energy Security Challenges

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 187/2014
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 07 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Costantino Grasso
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary, University of London and Manchester Metropolitan University
Downloads 348 (166,305)

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15.

Theories of Supranationalism in the EU

Journal of Law in Society, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 83-113, 2007
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 22 Jun 2007
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 790 (62,007)

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supranationalism, EU

16.

International Trade and Investment Law: Multilateral, Regional and Bilateral Governance

INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT LAW: MULTILATERAL, REGIONAL AND BILATERAL GOVERNANCE, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010
Posted: 24 May 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 773 (63,785)

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international trade, international investment law, regionalism, multilateralism, bilateralism

17.

The Creation of a European Energy Union

European Energy Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 24-60, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 206/2015
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 15 Jun 2015 Last Revised: 18 Sep 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Juan Alemany Rios
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 736 (68,014)

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European energy union, energy security, Energy Community, Euro-Mediterranean Energy Partnership, internal energy market, energy efficiency, decarbonization, transparency, equality

18.

Legal Aspects of Inter-State Maritime Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin

Downloads 721 (69,826)
Citation 2

Legal Aspects of Inter-State Maritime Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, Vol. 11 - issue 3, April 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 142/2013
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 30 Apr 2013
Andreas Filis and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary, University of London and KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 484 (113,615)
Citation 1

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East Mediterranean Basin, maritime delimitation, continental shelf, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, UNCLOSl, international maritime law, customary law

Legal Aspects of Inter-State Maritime Delimitation in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 11, Issue 3, 2013
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 25 Apr 2013
Andreas Filis and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary, University of London and KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 237 (247,748)

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East Mediterranean Basin, maritime delimitation, continental shelf, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, UNCLOS, international maritime law, customary law

19.

Gas and Oil Explorations in the Levant Basin: The Case of Lebanon and Israel

Downloads 721 (69,826)
Citation 1

Gas and Oil Explorations in the Levant Basin: The Case of Lebanon and Israel

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence, Vol. 11 - issue 3, April 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 141/2013
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 30 Apr 2013
Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary, University of London and KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 450 (123,978)

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East Mediterranean Basin, Levant Basin, gas and oil discoveries, Israel offshore gas discovery, Lebanon offshore gas discovery, UNCLOS, maritime law, delimitation of EEZ, UNCLOS dispute settlement procedure

Gas and Oil Explorations in the Levant Basin: The Case of Lebanon and Israel

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2013
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 25 Apr 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 271 (216,818)

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East Mediterranean Basin, Levant Basin, gas and oil discoveries, Israel offshore gas discovery, Lebanon offshore gas discovery, UNCLOS, maritime law, delimitation of EEZ, UNCLOS dispute settlement procedure

20.

Alternative Architecture for Climate Change - Major Economies

European Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25-56, 2011
Number of pages: 32 Posted: 14 Jul 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 680 (75,286)
Citation 2

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climate change, flexible approach, incrementalism, climate-based RTAs, bottom-up approach, variable geometry, Major Economies Forum

21.

Strengthening Sustainable Development Through Preferential Trade Agreements

Leal-Arcas, R. and Wilmarth, C. "Strengthening Sustainable Development through Preferential Trade Agreements," in Wouters, J. et al. (eds.) Ensuring Good Global Governance through Trade: EU policies and approaches, Edward Elgar, pp. 92-123, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 174/2014
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 16 Apr 2014 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Catherine Wilmarth
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 648 (80,022)
Citation 1

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Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership; Trans-Pacific Partnership; mega-regionals; sustainable development; energy; trade and investment; energy security; energy efficiency; trade in raw materials and natural resources

22.

The Role of the EU, the U.S., and China in Addressing Climate Change

Downloads 648 (80,022)

The Role of the EU, the U.S., and China in Addressing Climate Change

Laursen, F. (ed.) The EU and the Political Economy of Transatlantic Relations, Brussels: PIE Peter Lang, pp. 221-260, 2012
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 28 Jan 2013 Last Revised: 02 Oct 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 622 (83,112)

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Kyoto Protocol, European Union, EU emissions cuts, EU emissions trading scheme, global warming, climate change

The Role of the EU, the U.S., and China in Addressing Climate Change

The EU and the Political Economy of Transatlantic Relations, Brussels: PIE Peter Lang, 221-260, 2012
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 18 Jun 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 26 (954,535)

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Kyoto Protocol, European Union, EU emissions cuts, EU emissions trading scheme, global warming, climate change

23.

Road to Paris COP21: Towards Soft Global Governance for Climate Change?

Downloads 629 (83,027)
Citation 1

Road to Paris COP21: Towards Soft Global Governance for Climate Change?

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 186/2014
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 08 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Luigi Carafa
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and College of Europe, Bruges
Downloads 340 (170,595)

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Road to Paris COP21: Towards Soft Global Governance for Climate Change?

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 5(2), pp. 130-135, 2014
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 02 Dec 2014 Last Revised: 28 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Luigi Carafa
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and College of Europe, Bruges
Downloads 289 (202,835)

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COP21, Conference of the Parties, global governance for climate change mitigation, carbon emissions reduction

24.

The Principle of Proportionality in International Law

NCCR Trade Regulation Working Paper No 2012/38
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 26 Apr 2015
Thomas Cottier, Roberto Echandi, Rafael Leal-Arcas, Rachel G. Liechti-McKee, Tetyana Payosova and Charlotte Sieber-Gasser
University of Bern - Institute of European and International Economic Law, University of Bern - World Trade Institute, KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Institute for European and International Law, WTI/NCCR Trade and Geneva Graduate Institute, Centre for Trade and Economic Integration
Downloads 627 (83,360)
Citation 4

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proportionality, use of force, maritime boundary delimitation, WTO, GATT, GATS, investment law

25.

Sustainability, Common Concern and Public Goods

The George Washington International Law Review, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 801-877, 2017, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 253/2017
Number of pages: 78 Posted: 13 Feb 2017 Last Revised: 06 Oct 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 624 (83,855)

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sustainable development, international trade, climate change, sustainable energy, citizens’ empowerment, public goods, common concern, sustainable companies

26.

How Will the EU Approach the BRIC Countries? Future Trade Challenges

Vienna Online Journal of International Constitutional Law, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 235-271, 2008
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 06 May 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 600 (88,087)

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EU, BRIC, agriculture, energy security, Mode 4, intellectual property

27.

The Conservation of Exhaustible Natural Resources in the GATT and WTO: Implications for the Conservation of Oil Resources

The Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 480-531, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 143/2013
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 30 Apr 2013 Last Revised: 16 May 2013
Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Queen Mary, University of London and KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 583 (91,401)

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28.

Is the Kyoto Protocol an Adequate Environmental Agreement to Resolve the Climate Change Problem?

European Environmental Law Review, Vol. 10, No. 10, pp. 282-294, Winter 2001
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 01 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 545 (99,523)

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Kyoto Protocol, global warming, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions

29.

The European Court of Justice and the EC External Trade Relations: A Legal Analysis of the Court's Problems with Regard to International Agreements

Nordic Journal of International Law, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 215-251, 2003
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 26 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 522 (104,900)

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WTO law, European Court of Justice, EC External Trade Relations

30.

The Contribution of Free Trade Agreements and Bilateral Investment Treaties to a Sustainable Future

Zeitschrift für Europarechtliche Studien – ZEuS, Vol. 23, Issue 1/2020, pp. 3-76.
Number of pages: 74 Posted: 16 Dec 2019 Last Revised: 04 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Marek Anderle, Filipa Santos, Luuk Uilenbroek and Hannah Schragmann
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London and Copenhagen Business School - Department of International Business and Politics
Downloads 509 (108,227)
Citation 3

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31.

Legal Aspects of the Promotion of Renewable Energy within the EU and in Relation to the EU’s Obligations in the WTO

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Issue 1/2014, pp.3-25, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 179/2014
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 20 Aug 2014 Last Revised: 12 Oct 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 490 (113,251)
Citation 1

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EU renewable energy; WTO; renewable energy; EU emissions trading system; subsidies; State aid

32.

Climate Change and International Trade

R. Leal-Arcas, CLIMATE CHANGE AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2013
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 13 Feb 2013 Last Revised: 19 Feb 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 487 (114,085)

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climate change mitigation, international trade, multilayered governance, climate migration, trade and environment, EU emissions trading scheme, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, Bali Action Plan, Copenhagen Accord, Durban Platform, Cancun Agreements, CDM, Montreal Protocol, RTAs and climate change

33.

Multilateral, Regional and Bilateral Energy Trade Governance

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 6(1), pp. 38-87, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 188/2014
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 27 Dec 2014 Last Revised: 18 Mar 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Costantino Grasso and Juan Alemany Rios
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Manchester Metropolitan University and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 486 (114,377)
Citation 1

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Multilateral energy trade governance; regional energy trade governance; Energy Charter Treaty; MERCOSUR; ASEAN; EU energy trade governance; WTO; IRENA; raw materials; natural resources; shale gas.

34.

Comparative Analysis of NAFTA's Chapter 20 and the WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding

Transnational Dispute Management, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1-25, September 2011, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 94/2011
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 08 Dec 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 484 (114,925)

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35.

The EU Decision-Making Process in EC Trade Policy: The Three Internal Tensions

A CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE? GOVERNANCE AND POLICY-MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, Astengo, F. & Neuwahl, N., eds., Vol. II, pp. 132-156, Collection "Etudes Europeennes", Chaire Jean Monnet, Universite de Montreal, 2004
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 15 Oct 2004 Last Revised: 26 Jun 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 478 (116,673)

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efficiency, accountability, trade policy, transparency, legitimacy

36.

European Union-China Trade Relations

Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 224-251, 2010
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 27 Jan 2011 Last Revised: 24 Mar 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 475 (117,559)
Citation 1

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China, Comprehensive Framework Agreement, EU, Bilateral Free-Trade Agreements, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, EU-China Trade Partnership

37.

Introduction: The European Energy Union: The Quest for Secure, Affordable and Sustainable Energy

The European Energy Union: The Quest for Secure, Affordable and Sustainable Energy, Claeys & Casteels Publishing, 2016
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 15 Feb 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 474 (117,892)

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EU Energy Union; energy security; TTIP; decarbonization; Paris Agreement on climate change; EU ETS; Southern Gas Corridor

38.

International Energy Governance: Selected Legal Issues

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE: SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2014
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 11 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 470 (119,074)

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global energy governance; energy security; international and EU energy law and governance; trade and energy; energy and law of the sea; renewable energy in the WTO and EU; energy, trade and environment.

39.

Mapping the International and European Governance of Renewable Energy

Oxford Yearbook of European Law, 2016 special issue Beyond Pluralism? Co-Implication, Embeddedness and Interdependency between Public International Law and EU Law, pp. 1-46, doi: 10.1093/yel/yew022, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 237/2016, King's College London Law School Research Paper No. 2016-32
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 25 Jul 2016 Last Revised: 03 Dec 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Stephen Minas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Peking University School of Transnational Law
Downloads 467 (120,028)
Citation 1

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renewable energy governance, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, sustainable development goals, multilateral development banks, economic development, international trade, EU renewable energy legislation, IRENA, IEA

40.

The EC in the WTO: The Three-Level Game of Decision-Making. What Multilateralism Can Learn from Regionalism

European Integration online Papers (EIoP), Vol. 8, No. 14, 2004
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 25 Sep 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 457 (123,060)

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Competences, international agreements, transparency, international trade, common commercial policy, trade policy, accountability, institutions, European Commission, European Parliament, Council of Ministers, WTO, political science, law

41.

On Climate Migration and International Trade

Vienna Journal of International Constitutional Law, Vol. 6, No. 3-4, pp. 410-440, 2012, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 124/2012
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 30 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 04 Jan 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 455 (123,680)

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climate migration, international trade, climate change adaptation, international legal obligations, public morals, WTO general exceptions

42.

Review of International Energy Investment Law: The Pursuit of Stability

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, pp. 1-4, October 2010
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 15 Oct 2010 Last Revised: 05 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 451 (124,976)

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International Energy Law, Energy Investment Disputes, Investor-State Disputes, Investment Stability, Arbitration, International Investment Law

43.

How Can the EU Diversify its Energy Supply to Improve its Energy Security?

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 190/2015
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 30 Jan 2015 Last Revised: 04 May 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Juan Alemany Rios
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 447 (126,299)

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single EU energy market; energy supply; liquefied natural gas; renewable energy; Southern Gas Corridor; Nabucco pipeline; Trans-Anatolian pipeline; Trans-Adriatic pipeline; International Energy Charter; Energy Charter Treaty

44.

Mega-Regionals and Sustainable Development: The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the Trans-Pacific Partnership

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 4, 2015, pp. 248-264
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 04 Feb 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 434 (130,796)

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Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Trans-Pacific Partnership, mega-regionals, sustainable development, energy, trade and investment, energy security, energy efficiency, trade in raw materials and natural resources

45.

Unconventional Energy Sources and EU Energy Security: A Legal, Economic and Political Analysis

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 4, 2014, pp. 1-37, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 181/2014
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 23 Sep 2014 Last Revised: 17 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Jan Schmitz
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 409 (140,108)

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International trade in energy law; EU energy policy; energy security; unconventional sources of fossil fuel; shale gas; geopolitics; OPEC

46.

Climate Change Mitigation from the Bottom Up: Using Preferential Trade Agreements to Promote Climate Change Mitigation

Carbon and Climate Law Rev, Vol. 7(1), pp. 34-42, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 150/2013
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 07 Aug 2013 Last Revised: 10 Feb 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 406 (141,251)
Citation 1

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Climate change mitigation,Preferential trade agreements,Trade,International trading system,Trade liberalization,Economic growth,Environmental protection,Subsidies,Sustainable development,Greenhouse gas,Trans-Pacific Partnership,Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership,Economic partnership agre

47.

Energy Trade as a Special Sector in the WTO: Unique Features, Unprecedented Challenges and Unresolved Issues

Indian Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 6, pp. 1-53, 2014, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 176/2014
Number of pages: 55 Posted: 04 Jun 2014 Last Revised: 13 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Dr. Ehab Abu Gosh
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 400 (143,717)
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international trade in energy, GATT/WTO law, energy-rich countries, international trade law

48.

Towards the Multilateralization of International Investment Law

Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 865-919, 2009
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 05 Jan 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 400 (143,717)
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multilateralization, international investment law, foreign direct investment, World Trade Organization, multilateral framework for investment, Multilateral Agreement on Investment

49.

The Energy Community and the Energy Charter Treaty: Special Legal Regimes, their Systemic Relationship to the EU, and their Dispute Settlement Arrangements

Oil, Gas & Energy Law Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 1-42, 2014
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 29 May 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 394 (146,173)
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Energy Charter Treaty, Energy Community, European Union, EU energy security, EU energy policy, dispute settlement, normative conflicts, fragmentation of international law, meta-norms, treaty interpretation

50.

EU Legal Personality in Foreign Policy?

Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 165-212, 2006
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 26 Jul 2007 Last Revised: 10 Jan 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 386 (149,534)

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European Union, legal personality, European Community, foreign policy

51.

Trade Proposals for Climate Action

Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 11-54, 2014, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 173/2014
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 29 Mar 2014 Last Revised: 20 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 382 (151,276)
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climate change mitigation; preferential trade agreements; energy trade; renewable energy; green energy governance; renewable subsidies; GATT Article XX; Emissions Trading Scheme; eco-labelling; global carbon market

52.

Smart Grids in the European Union: Assessing Energy Security, Regulation & Social and Ethical Considerations

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 291-389 (2018)
Number of pages: 99 Posted: 01 Nov 2017 Last Revised: 04 Nov 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Feja Lesniewska and Filippos Proedrou
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and University of South Wales
Downloads 369 (157,238)
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smart grids; prosumers; sustainability; energy security; demand response; electricity storage; collaborative economy; circular economy; cybersecurity; data protection

53.

China’s Attitude to Multilateralism in International Economic Law and Governance: Challenges for the World Trading System

Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 259-273, 2010 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 51/2010
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 01 May 2010 Last Revised: 16 Aug 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 368 (157,700)
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54.

The World Trade Organization and Carbon Market Clubs

Georgetown Journal of International Law, Vol. 52.4, pp. 895-976, 2021
Number of pages: 82 Posted: 18 Feb 2021 Last Revised: 24 Jun 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 367 (158,212)

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climate clubs, emission units, like products, ETS, border carbon adjustments

55.

EU-China Trade Relations: Current Difficulties and Ways to Improve Them

International Security Forum, April 2010
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 02 Jul 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 355 (164,072)

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European Union, China, International Trade, EU-China Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

56.

The Transition Towards Decarbonization: A Legal and Policy Exploration of the European Union

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 222/2016
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 02 Mar 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 354 (164,571)
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decarbonization, Paris Agreement on Climate Change, EU emissions trading scheme, aviation, shipping

57.

EU Relations with China and Russia: How to Approach New Superpowers in Trade Matters

Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 22-52, 2009, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 6/2009
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 22 Jan 2009 Last Revised: 04 Feb 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 351 (166,054)

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EU, international trade, Russia, China, energy security

58.

The Fragmentation of International Trade Law: Is Now the Time for Variable Geometry?

The Journal of World Investment and Trade, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 145-195, 2011
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 28 Mar 2011 Last Revised: 04 Jun 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 345 (169,210)
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fragmentation, international trade law, multilateralism, plurilateralism, regionalism, bilateralism, unilateralism, variable geometry, sectoral agreements

59.

The European Union and the BRIC Countries: Unilateralism, Bilateralism and Multilateralism

THE EU IN THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY, pp. 91-118, Finn. Laursen, ed., PIE Peter Lang, 2009
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 08 Oct 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 343 (170,279)
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EU, BRIC countries, unilateralism, bilateralism, regionalism, multilateralism

60.

Unitary Character of EC External Trade Relations

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 7.3, Fall 2001, pp. 355-383
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 01 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 333 (175,781)

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EC external trade relations, international agreements, single voice, shared competence

61.

Choice of Jurisdiction in International Trade Disputes: Going Regional or Global?

Minnesota Journal of International Law, Vol. 16, pp. 1-59, 2007
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 26 Mar 2007
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 331 (176,919)

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international trade disputes, NAFTA, WTO

62.

Conceptualizing EU Energy Security Through an EU Constitutional Law Perspective

Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 36, pp. 1224-1300, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 148/2013
Number of pages: 77 Posted: 14 May 2013 Last Revised: 07 Oct 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 330 (177,491)
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EU energy security, EU energy policy, Treaty of Lisbon, common EU energy security policy, Internal Energy Market; Energy Community, shale gas, EU Emissions Trading System, energy transit

63.

Review of 'Free Movement of Goods and Limits of Regulatory Autonomy in the EU and WTO'

European Law Journal, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 508-510, 2010
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 16 Aug 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 329 (178,068)

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EU, WTO, free movement of goods

64.

The Resilience of the Paris Agreement: Negotiating and Implementing the Climate Regime

Georgetown Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31.1, pp. 1-64, 2018, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 284/2018;
Number of pages: 64 Posted: 28 Aug 2018 Last Revised: 26 Jan 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Antonio Morelli
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and American University - Washington College of Law
Downloads 324 (181,045)
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Paris Agreement, climate change, international trade

65.

Prosumers: New Actors in EU Energy Security

Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 2017, Vol. 48, Chapter 5, pp. 139-172, TMC Asser Press, 2018;
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 01 Aug 2017 Last Revised: 19 Aug 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Feja Lesniewska and Filippos Proedrou
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, University of London - School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and University of South Wales
Downloads 324 (181,045)
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66.

The Energy Community, the Energy Charter Treaty and the Promotion of EU Energy Security

Buschle, D. and Talus, K. (eds.) The Energy Community: A New Energy Governance System, Intersentia, pp. 551-589, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 203/2015
Number of pages: 40 Posted: 04 Jun 2015 Last Revised: 08 Feb 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 323 (181,629)
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Energy Charter Treaty, Energy Community, European Union, EU energy security

67.

Energy Transit Activities: Collection of Intergovernmental Agreements on Oil and Gas Transit Pipelines and Commentary

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 177/2014
Number of pages: 61 Posted: 17 Jul 2014 Last Revised: 18 Dec 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Mariya Peykova
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 323 (181,629)

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Energy transit; Energy Charter Conference; Energy Charter Treaty; Energy Charter Draft Transit Protocol; Model Inter-Governmental and Host Government Agreements; Nabucco pipeline; South Caucasus pipeline; BTC pipeline; TAPI pipeline; Kirkuk Agreement

68.

Energy Decentralization in the European Union

Georgetown Environmental Law Review, Vol. 32.1, 2019, Forthcoming, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 307/2019
Number of pages: 58 Posted: 13 Feb 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Nelson Akondo
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary University of London, School of Law
Downloads 319 (183,982)

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69.

The European Union and New Leading Powers: Towards Partnership in Strategic Trade Policy Areas

Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 32, pp. 345-416, 2009, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 23/2009
Number of pages: 73 Posted: 13 Feb 2009 Last Revised: 25 Jun 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 317 (185,141)
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European Union, BRIC countries, unilateralism, bilateralism/regionalism, multilateralism, global economic governance

70.

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Energy and Divestment

Van de Graaf, T. et al., Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy, Palgrave, 2016 , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 213/2016
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 06 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 08 Sep 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Costantino Grasso
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Manchester Metropolitan University
Downloads 316 (185,751)

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Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership; energy; raw materials; natural resources; divestment; shale gas

71.

Certain Legal Aspects of the Multilateral Trade System and the Promotion of Renewable Energy

Lim, C.L. and Mercurio, B. (eds.) International Economic Law after the Crisis: A Tale of Fragmented Disciplines, Cambridge University Press, 2015, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 166/2014
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 18 Jan 2014 Last Revised: 06 May 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 315 (186,394)
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World Trade Organization; renewable energy; subsidies; environmental protection; feed-in tariffs; wind power; biodiesels

72.

Theory and Practice of EC External Trade Law and Policy

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EC EXTERNAL TRADE LAW AND POLICY, Cameron May, 2008
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 30 May 2009 Last Revised: 01 Jun 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 315 (186,394)

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European Community, international trade agreements, services trade, Common Commercial Policy, mixed agreements, Doha Round, European Union

73.

Research Handbook on EU Energy Law and Policy (Introduction)

Research Handbook on EU Energy Law and Policy, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2017
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 18 Oct 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Jan Wouters
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and KU Leuven - Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies
Downloads 310 (189,584)

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EU energy policy; European energy union; Energy Charter Treaty; global energy security; electricity; Paris Agreement; energy and environment

74.

The EU Constitutional Treaty and International Trade

THE RISE AND FALL OF THE EU'S CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY, F. Laursen, pp. 25-50, Brill/Nijhoff, Leiden, 2008
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 23 Apr 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 296 (199,119)

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EU Constitution, international trade, efficiency, accountability, democratic deficit

75.

The European Community and the International Trading System: A Judicial Approach

International Relations Journal, Vol. 22, No.1, pp. 47-54, Fall 2002
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 01 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 294 (200,585)

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WTO agreement, European Court of Justice, EC external trade relations, GATT, WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding

76.

The Climate-Energy-Trade Nexus in EU External Relations

Minas, S. and Ntousas, V. (eds.) EU Climate Diplomacy: Politics, Law and Negotiations, Routledge, pp. 153-168, 2018, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 261/2017
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 31 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 17 Jun 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Eduardo Alvarez Armas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary University of London - Centre for Commercial Law Studies
Downloads 290 (203,422)

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climate change, energy, EU free-trade agreements, environmental agreements

77.

Energy Transit: Intergovernmental Agreements on Oil and Gas Transit Pipelines

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 6(2), pp. 122-162, 2015
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 18 Oct 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Mariya Peykova, Tathagata Choudhury and Malakee Makhoul
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary, University of London, Amarchand & Mangaldas & Suresh A Shroff & Co and Queen Mary, University of London
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Energy transit; Energy Charter Conference; Energy Charter Treaty; Energy Charter Draft Transit Protocol; Model Inter-Governmental and Host Government Agreements; Nabucco pipeline; South Caucasus pipeline; BTC pipeline; TAPI pipeline; Kirkuk Agreement

78.

Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty (Introduction)

Commentary on the Energy Charter Treaty (2018)
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 24 Jan 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 265 (222,993)

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Energy Charter Treaty, international energy law and policy, energy security, energy investment, energy trade, energy dispute settlement

79.

How Governing International Trade in Energy Can Enhance EU Energy Security

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 202-219, 2015
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 14 Oct 2015 Last Revised: 02 Nov 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 265 (222,993)
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energy security, international trade in energy, EU energy policy

80.

New Frontiers of International Economic Law: The Quest for Sustainable Development

University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, Vol. 40.1, pp. 83-133, 2018, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 276/2018
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 19 Mar 2018 Last Revised: 14 Jan 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 261 (226,332)
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international trade agreements, climate change mitigation, energy security, sustainable energy, international cooperation, decarbonization, sustainable development, citizens’ empowerment

81.

Decarbonizing the Energy Sector

Journal of Animal and Natural Resource Law, Vol. XV, pp. 173-271, 2019, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 309/2019
Number of pages: 72 Posted: 05 Mar 2019 Last Revised: 08 Jan 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Mariya Peykova, Victoria Nalule, Pinar Kara and Pinar Kara
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary, University of London, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of LondonIstanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Law
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82.

The Resumption of the Doha Round and the Future of Services Trade

Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 339-461, 2007
Number of pages: 123 Posted: 14 Mar 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 248 (238,027)

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Doha round, services trade, Lisbon Treaty

83.

Climate Clubs and International Trade across the European and International Landscape

European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 29, Issue 3, pp. 72-88, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 331/2020
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 04 Mar 2020 Last Revised: 09 Jul 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 238 (247,913)

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climate action, renewable energy, sustainability, storage, clean energy, technology, innovation, climate clubs, international trade

84.

Three Thoughts on Brexit

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 249/2016
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 25 Nov 2016 Last Revised: 23 Dec 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 238 (247,913)

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Brexit, Frexit, Article 50 TEU, free-trade agreement, European Economic Area, European Free Trade Association, World Trade Organization, customs union, Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

85.

The EC in GATT/WTO Negotiations: From Rome to Nice - Have EC Trade Policy Reforms Been Good Enough for a Coherent EC Trade Policy in the WTO?

EIoP, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2004
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 09 Apr 2004 Last Revised: 25 Feb 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 238 (247,913)

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Common commercial policy, competences, international agreements, trade policy, Amsterdam Treaty, Nice Treaty, European Convention, law

86.

50 Years of Trade Policy: Good Enough or as Good as it Gets?

Irish Journal of European Law, Vol. 15, Nos. 1 & 2, pp. 157-182, 2008, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13/2009
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 27 Dec 2008 Last Revised: 19 Mar 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 237 (248,875)

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EC trade competence, Amsterdam Treaty, Nice Treaty, Constitutional Treaty, Lisbon Treaty

87.

Climate Neutrality and Sustainability in International Trade

University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, Vol. 44, Issue 3, pp. 619-700, 2023, Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 388/2022
Number of pages: 82 Posted: 18 Aug 2022 Last Revised: 03 May 2023
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Luis Ulloa Martinez, Victory Abang, Krishma Kapur, Saffron Greenwod, Konstantinos Chatzopoulos, Archana Nair and Lisa Schoettmer
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 236 (249,858)
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sustainability, climate neutrality, international trade, climate clubs, WTO, border tax adjustments, plurilateralism, free trade agreements

88.

A New Era in Global Economic Governance

International Security Forum, 2009
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 14 Jul 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 233 (252,985)

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global economic governance, G-20, G-7, multipolarity, rise of regionalism

89.

The EU Institutions and Their Modus Operandi in the World Trading System

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 12.1, pp. 125-197, Winter 2005/2006
Number of pages: 92 Posted: 28 Nov 2006
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 231 (255,149)

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negotiation, conclusion, ratification, judicial enforcement of international trade agreements

90.

The State of Play of the EC's Common Commercial Policy: A Legal and Policy Analysis

Tilburg Foreign Law Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 537-559, 2003
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 01 Jul 2004 Last Revised: 16 Feb 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 229 (257,322)

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international trade, EC common commercial policy, Nice Treaty, European Convention, Article 133 EC

91.

Will EU Member States Play Any Role at the WTO After the EU Reform Treaty?

Vienna Online Journal of International Constitutional Law, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 75-90, 2007
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 10 Dec 2007
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 226 (260,543)

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WTO, EU Member States, Reform Treaty, federation

92.

Solutions for Sustainability: How the International Trade, Energy and Climate Change Regimes Can Help (Table of Contents and Chapter 1)

SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABILITY: HOW THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE, ENERGY, AND CLIMATE CHANGE REGIMES CAN HELP, Springer Nature, 2019; ISBN 978-3-030-23932-9
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 11 Sep 2019 Last Revised: 18 Sep 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 225 (261,603)

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international trade, climate change mitigation, sustainable energy, sustainability

93.

Renewables, Preferential Trade Agreements and EU Energy Security

Laws, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 472-514, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 208/2015
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 28 Jul 2015 Last Revised: 08 Aug 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Valentina Caruso and Raphaela Leupuscek
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London - Centre for Commercial Law Studies (CCLS) and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 224 (262,732)

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renewable energy; preferential trade agreements; energy security; EU; Energy Community; climate change

94.

Certain Normative Aspects of the Institutional Architecture of Global Energy Governance

Boulle, L., Laryea, E. and Sucker, F. (eds.) International Economic Law and African Development, Siber Ink, 2014, pp. 27-60
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 19 Nov 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 220 (267,188)

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global energy governance, international cooperation in energy, energy supply and consumption, trade in energy, energy investment, energy security

95.

China’s Economic Rise and Regional Trade

APEC AND THE RISE OF CHINA, pp. 93-120, L. Ho and J. Wong, eds., World Scientific, 2011
Posted: 03 May 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 220 (267,188)
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global economic power, multilateral trade, regionalism, regional trade, WTO, East Asian Free Trade Area, Doha Round, accession to the WTO, China, status as developing country, role in Doha Round, attitude to multilateralism

96.

Towards Sustainability in Trade, Energy and Climate

Modern Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1-30, 2020
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 09 Mar 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 213 (275,330)

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international trade, climate change, energy, sustainability

97.

The Role of the European Union and China in Global Climate Change Negotiations: A Critical Analysis

Journal of European Integration History, Vol. 18, pp. 67-81, 2012
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 02 May 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 211 (277,772)

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global climate change negotiations, China, European Union, aviation, EU emissions trading scheme

98.

Is EC Trade Policy Up to Par?: A Legal Analysis over Time - Rome, Marrakesh, Amsterdam, Nice, and the Constitutional Treaty

Columbia Journal of European Law, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 305-399, Spring 2007
Number of pages: 96 Posted: 14 Mar 2007
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 211 (277,772)

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European Community trade policy, WTO, international trade

99.

Business Models for Decentralized Energy

Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 311/2019
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 05 Mar 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas, George Thanos, Michalis Kanakakis, Gemma Fearnley and Juan Alemany Rios
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens University of Economics and Business, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 209 (280,255)

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100.

Polycephalous Anatomy of the EC in the WTO: An Analysis of Law and Practice

Florida Journal of International Law, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 569-670, 2007
Number of pages: 102 Posted: 28 Mar 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 207 (282,747)

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European Community, WTO, allocation of competences, mixed agreements, duty of cooperation

101.

Of International Trade, Climate Change, Investment and a Prosperous Future

Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 405-455, 2020
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 10 Sep 2020 Last Revised: 22 Feb 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Samuel BALZANO, Jakkrit Deethae, Tanvir Rai Singh and Kristina Skybova
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Independent and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 202 (289,213)
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international trade, climate change, bilateral investment treaties, technology

102.

Introduction: Energy Security, Trade and the EU: Regional and International Perspectives

Energy Security, Trade and the EU: Regional and International Perspectives, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2016
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 19 Sep 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Juan Alemany Rios and Costantino Grasso
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary, University of London and Manchester Metropolitan University
Downloads 198 (294,457)

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energy security, international trade, European Union, energy trade governance, energy transit, unconventional fossil fuel sources, renewables, preferential trade agreements, European Energy Union

103.

Is Lisbon the Answer or the Anathema to EC Trade Law and Policy?

THE DYNAMICS OF TRADE LAW AND ECONOMICS, S. Kierkegaard, ed., International Association of IT Lawyers, pp. 138-158, 2008
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 07 Sep 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 197 (295,825)

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Lisbon Treaty, trust, collective action, democratic deficit

104.

EU Energy Law and Policy: The External Dimension (Introduction)

EU Energy Law and Policy: The external dimension, Eliva Press, 2020; ISBN-13: 978-9975-3417-5-2.
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 31 Jul 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 196 (297,188)

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energy law and policy of the European Union, Energy Community, Gulf Cooperation Council, Energy Charter Treaty

105.

On China’s Economic Rise: Multilateral versus Regional Attitudes in Trade Agreements and the PCA with the EU

Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, Vol. 27, pp. 12-42, 2011
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 30 Sep 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 196 (297,188)

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global economic superpower, multilateral trade, regional trade, East Asian Free Trade Area, WTO, EU-China trade

106.

Connections Between Climate Change and International Trade

House of Commons International Trade Committee, written evidence
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 20 Sep 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 194 (300,019)

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international trade, climate change mitigation, sustainability, carbon border adjustment mechanism, technology

107.

The Reception of European Community Law in Spain

Hanse Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 18-21, 2005
Number of pages: 4 Posted: 04 May 2005
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 194 (300,019)

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EC law, Spanish constitution, Spanish constitutional court, fundamental human rights

108.

International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Climate Clubs

Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 362/2021
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 13 Sep 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 192 (302,811)
Citation 2

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climate clubs, minilateralism, legitimacy, multilateralism, accountability, international trade

109.

The Transition to Decentralized Energy: Challenges, Opportunities and Progress

University of Puerto Rico Business Law Journal, Vol. 11, pp. 1-70, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 310/2019
Number of pages: 70 Posted: 05 Mar 2019 Last Revised: 11 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Stanislava Boskovic and Muhammad Syed Abubakr Karimabadi
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 192 (302,811)

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decentralized energy, demand response, electric vehicles, deregulation, smart meters, smart grids

110.

Green Bills for Green Earth: How the International Trade and Climate Regimes Work Together To Save the Planet

European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 19-40, 2022
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 06 Dec 2021 Last Revised: 31 Jan 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 190 (305,712)
Citation 4

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European Green Deal, US Green New Deal, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, carbon pricing, GATT general exceptions, non-discrimination principle in GATT

111.

United We Stand, Divided We Fall - the European Community and its Member States in the WTO Forum: Towards a Common Position on Issues of Shared Competence

European Political Economy Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 65-79, Spring 2003
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 01 Jul 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 190 (305,712)

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mixed agreements, EC external trade relations, WTO, shared competence

112.

Towards a Carbon-Free, Decentralized, and Democratized System of Energy Generation

Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol. 35, Issue 2, pp. 133-202, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 319/2019
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 29 Sep 2019 Last Revised: 03 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Andreas Filis, Mariya Peykova and Marius Greger
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary, University of London, Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 186 (311,568)

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113.

A Paradigm Shift in the Governance of Sustainable Development: Citizens’ Empowerment

International markets regulation and the erosion of the European political and social model, Thomson Reuters, 2019
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 16 Jul 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 184 (314,527)

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energy transition, climate action, international trade, sustainable development, empowering citizens

114.

Energy Trade in the MENA Region: Looking Beyond the Pan-Arab Electricity Market

Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 10, Issue 6, pp. 520-549, Oxford University Press, 2017
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 30 Nov 2017
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Nelson Akondo and Juan Alemany Rios
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 180 (320,881)
Citation 2

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Energy Trade, MENA Region, Electricity Trade, Gas Trade, Energy Sustainability, Clean Energy, Regional Trade Agreements

115.

The GATS in the Doha Round: A European Perspective

THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND TRADE IN SERVICES, Alexander, K. & Andenas, M., eds., pp. 9-104, Brill/Nijhoff, 2008
Number of pages: 49 Posted: 24 Apr 2009 Last Revised: 27 Apr 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 178 (324,142)

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GATS, Doha Round, international trade in services, Lisbon Treaty, EU, EC, mixed agreements

116.

International Trade, Energy Transition and Climate Change Obligations: The perspective of small Pacific islands and the Caribbean Community

Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 13.2, pp. 198-263, 2021
Number of pages: 68 Posted: 25 Oct 2021 Last Revised: 10 Jan 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Raphaël Ribeaud, Manuliza Faktaufon, Rojae Brown and Kaushal Prakash
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University, Queen Mary University of London, Independent and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 176 (327,387)
Citation 2

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Agreement on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainability (ACCTS), International trading system, sustainability, Sustainable Development Goals, energy transition, small Pacific islands, climate change obligations, CARICOM

117.

Doha Negotiations on Services Trade: Consequences of the Nice Treaty Reform and the Constitutional Treaty

Federal Trust for Education and Research Online Paper No. 22/04
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 15 Oct 2004
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 176 (327,387)

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Doha negotiations, trade in services, Nice Treaty, Constitutional Treaty

118.

Climate Clubs for a Sustainable Future: The role of international trade and investment law (Table of Contents and Introduction)

Climate Clubs for a Sustainable Future: The role of international trade and investment law; Energy and Environmental Law and Policy Series, Kluwer Law International, 2021; ISBN-13: 978-94-035-3715-3
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 24 Aug 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 175 (329,104)

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climate clubs, minilateralism, legitimacy, multilateralism, accountability, international trade, bilateral investment treaties

119.

Energy Decentralization and Decarbonization: The Case of Romania and Malta

Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 60, Issue 1, pp. 117-166, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 320/2019
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 29 Sep 2019 Last Revised: 07 Apr 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Andreas Filis and Victoria Nalule
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary, University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 173 (332,457)
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energy decentralization and decarbonization, electricity sector, smart grids, smart meters

120.

The Paris Agreement: Critical Assessment and Proposals for Key Clean Energy Initiatives

The IUP Journal of International Relations, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 43-80, 2023
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 05 Oct 2023
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Silja Svendsen, Arie Eklin, Lion Ax, Tobias Rosenberger, bruria friedman and Osher Battat
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv University, Technische Universität München (TUM), Tel Aviv University and Yeshiva University
Downloads 170 (337,597)

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Paris Agreement on Climate Change; clean energy; Conferences of the Parties; carbon pricing; electric vehicles; smart grids

121.

Inter-State Cooperation in Energy Transit

UNU-CRIS Working Paper W-2015/2, 2015, pp. 1-23
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 03 Apr 2015
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 170 (337,597)

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global energy governance, fragmentation of the global energy governance regime, energy transit, Energy Charter Conference, WTO, NAFTA, ASEAN, EU

122.

Designing International Trade in Energy Governance for EU Energy Security

Heffron, R. and Little, G. (eds.) Delivering Energy Law and Policy in the EU and the US: A Reader, Edinburgh University Press, 2016, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 197/2015
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 22 May 2015 Last Revised: 08 Sep 2016
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 163 (349,978)

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international trade in energy governance; sovereignty over natural resources; energy security; energy supply; energy diversification; renewable energy

123.

Ramifications of GATS Mode 4 for European Union-India Trade Relations

International Security Forum, April 2010
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 01 May 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 160 (355,467)

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European Union, India, international trade, temporary migration, GATS Mode 4

124.

Reflections on EU International Trade Law: An Introspective View

Frontiers of Law in China, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-20, 2012, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 101/2012
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 15 Mar 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 155 (365,021)

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125.

Climate Change Mitigation Law and Policy of the BRICs

Queen Mary University of London, School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 342/2020, pp. 1-60
Number of pages: 60 Posted: 07 Jan 2021 Last Revised: 14 Jun 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Mariam Al Zarkani, Lina Jbara, Marianna Margaritidou and Ruqaya Mohamed Mubwana
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 154 (366,931)

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climate change mitigation, BRICs

126.

A Look at Services Trade: Implications of the Doha Talks Suspension and Resumption

ESSAYS ON THE FUTURE OF WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, J. Chaisse & T. Balmelli, eds., Vol. 1, Editions Interuniversitaires Suisses, pp. 99-134, 2008
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 19 Feb 2008 Last Revised: 14 Jan 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 154 (366,931)

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services trade, Doha Round, WTO

127.

Linking the European Union to the Energy Charter Treaty and the Energy Community

Energy Charter Knowledge Centre Review, Issue 3, May/June 2014, pp. 16-19, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 178/2014
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 17 Jul 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 151 (372,952)

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Energy Charter Treaty; Energy Community; European Union; EU energy security

128.

The Significance of the Nice Treaty and Constitutional Treaty in Relation to Services Trade in the Doha Round Framework

International Relations and Politics Online Quarterly, No. 1, pp. 62-83, March 2005
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 05 Apr 2005
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 150 (374,979)

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GATS, Doha Round, Nice Treaty, Constitutional Treaty, mixed agreements

129.

China’s Attitude to Multilateralism in International Economic Law and Governance (in Chinese)

ENGLISH SCHOOL THEORY AND INTERNATIONAL HISTORY STUDIES, pp. 194-214, D. Liu, ed., Peking University Press, 2011
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 10 Jun 2011
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 147 (381,206)

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WTO, FTAs, trade, China, global economic superpower

130.

Regulation, Innovation, and Technology for 21st Century Energy Goals

Journal of Law and Cyber Warfare, Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp. 30-107, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 312/2019
Number of pages: 85 Posted: 11 Mar 2019 Last Revised: 03 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Gemma Fearnley and Chana Gluck
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 145 (385,298)

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131.

Review of The WTO and the Environment: Development of Competence Beyond Trade

Carbon and Climate Law Review, Vol. 7(4), 2013, pp. 310-312
Number of pages: 3 Posted: 20 Mar 2014 Last Revised: 10 May 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 145 (385,298)

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trade and the environment, WTO, conservation or protection of the environment, GATT Article XX(g), Committee on Trade and Environment

132.

A Bottom-Up Approach for Climate Change: The Trade Experience

Asian Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 1-54, 2011
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 03 Jan 2012 Last Revised: 30 Jan 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 145 (385,298)
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bottom-up approach for climate change, climate-based RTAs, variable geometry, flexible approach

133.

Towards Energy Democratization

Colorado Natural Resources, Energy, and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 1-83, 2020, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 308/2019
Number of pages: 66 Posted: 22 Feb 2019 Last Revised: 19 Feb 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Marius Greger and Hanna Knigge
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 143 (389,579)

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134.

The European Union Vis-a-Vis Brazil and India: Future Avenues in Selected Trade Policy Areas

International Journal of Private Law, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 109-134, 2009
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 23 Nov 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 143 (389,579)

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Brazil, India, trade, agriculture, temporary migration, European Union

135.

Creating an Effective, Legally Binding, and Enforceable Climate Club

Policy Brief, T7 Task Force Climate and Environment, G7 Germany’s Presidency 2022, April 2022, pp. 1-11
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 13 Apr 2022 Last Revised: 04 May 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 142 (391,790)

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Climate club, climate change mitigation, international trade,multilateralism, G7, G20

136.

Slovakia: Energy Policy

in G. Tiess, T. Majumder, and P. Cameron (eds.) Encyclopedia of Mineral and Energy Policy, chapter 51-1, Springer: Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 1-17, 2022
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 18 Mar 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 137 (407,603)

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smart grids, electric mobility, demand response, electricity storage technologies, regional cooperation, interconnection, consumer empowerment, decentralization

137.

Three Steps in the Aftermath of COP26: Trade, Key Players, and Decarbonization

European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Volume 31, Issue 5, pp. 298-319, 2022, Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 389/2022
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 17 Aug 2022 Last Revised: 19 Jan 2023
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Manuliza Faktaufon, Hannah Kasak-Gliboff, Cindy Li, Lee Guantai and Ervin Smajic
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London, New York University Abu Dhabi, Students, New York University Abu Dhabi, Students, New York University Abu Dhabi, Students and New York University Abu Dhabi, Students
Downloads 135 (407,603)
Citation 1

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Glasgow Climate Pact, energy transition, mega-regional trade agreements, fossil fuels, renewable energy, global energy governance, electrification, clean-energy technologies, shale gas, sustainability.

138.

International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Climate Clubs

Downloads 135 (407,603)
Citation 3

International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Climate Clubs

European Energy and Environmental Law Review, Vol. 30, Issue 5, 2021, pp. 195-218; Queen Mary University of London, School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 362/2021, pp. 1-38.
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 11 Jun 2021 Last Revised: 11 Oct 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 91 (547,010)

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climate clubs, minilateralism, legitimacy, multilateralism, accountability, international trade

International Cooperation on Climate Change Mitigation: The Role of Climate Clubs

Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 362/2021
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 10 Jun 2021 Last Revised: 13 Sep 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 44 (798,324)
Citation 3

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139.

Services as Key for the Conclusion of the Doha Round

Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 301-321, 2008
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 29 Oct 2008 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2008
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 134 (410,022)
Citation 1

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GATS, services trade, Doha Round, request/offer, EC

140.

Bridging the Gap in the Doha Talks: A Look at Services Trade

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND TRADE: BRIDGING THE EAST-WEST DIVIDE, S. Kierkegaard, ed., International Association of IT Lawyers, 2007
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 18 May 2007 Last Revised: 14 Jan 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 134 (410,022)

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Doha Round, services trade, liberalization, WTO, commitments

141.

Climate Change Mitigation Law and Policy in the BRICS

in Leonie Reins and Jonathan Verschuuren (eds.), Research Handbook on Climate Change Mitigation Law, 2nd edition, Edward Elgar Publishing 2022, pp. 195-238.
Number of pages: 54 Posted: 09 Mar 2021 Last Revised: 02 Sep 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 128 (424,771)

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climate change mitigation; Paris Agreement; Kyoto Protocol; NDCs; BRICS; renewable energy

142.

International Trade Relations of the European Union: A Legal and Policy Analysis

International Trade Relations of the European Union: A Legal and Policy Analysis, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 01 Nov 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 125 (432,549)

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EU external trade relations, plurilateral trade order, EU international relations law, EU trade law, international trade law, EU trade policy

143.

The Future of International Economic Law and the Rule of Law

The Future of International Economic Law and the Rule of Law, Eliva Press, 2020; ISBN: 978-1-952751-75-2
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 22 Sep 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 125 (432,549)
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international economic law, rule of law, WTO, sustainable trade, sustainable development, international investment arbitration, Belt and Road Initiative, carbon border adjustments

144.

China and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

Journal of Global Policy and Governance, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 287-304, 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 165/2013
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 02 Nov 2013 Last Revised: 09 Aug 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 125 (432,549)

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Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; free trade agreements; bilateral trade; regional trade; World Trade Organization

145.

Re-Thinking Global Climate Change: A Local, Bottom-Up Perspective

Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, Vol. XX, No. 1, pp. 4-20, 2018
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 23 Apr 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 124 (435,224)

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clean energy, energy transition, behavioral economics, prosumers, climate change

146.

EU Trade Law (Introduction)

EU TRADE LAW, Elgar European Law Series, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2019; ISBN: 978 1 78897 740 1
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 21 May 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 122 (440,714)

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The EU in the GATT/WTO; Treaty of Lisbon; mixed agreements; efficiency v accountability; international trade agreements

147.

Linking Energy and Climate Change

Outreach, pp. 4, 28 November 2012
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 03 Dec 2012
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 122 (440,714)

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climate change mitigation, energy, fossil fuels, renewable energy

148.

Smart Grids as a Way to Democratize Energy

Yale Journal of International Affairs, 2020
Number of pages: 3 Posted: 14 Nov 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 119 (448,927)

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smart grids, energy decentralization, energy democratization

149.

Electrifying the Energy Sector: The Case of Slovakia and the Czech Republic

Kentucky Journal of Equine, Agriculture, & Natural Resources Law, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 1-83, 2020-2021, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 329/2020
Number of pages: 83 Posted: 14 Feb 2020 Last Revised: 16 Feb 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Brian Burstein and Maria Mattera
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 118 (451,750)

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150.

Aiming At Sustainable Trade in the Context of the Rule of Law: What Role for Citizens and How International Trade Can Help Reduce Fossil-Fuel Consumption

Trade, Law and Development, Vol. 11, Issue 2, 2019, pp. 193-238, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 12 Dec 2019 Last Revised: 03 Jun 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Danai Papadea and Rosie Richardson
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 118 (451,750)
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151.

Working Together: How to Make Trade Contribute to Climate Action

International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Information Note No. 18, pp. 1-8, Geneva, November 2013, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 159/2013
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 28 Nov 2013 Last Revised: 17 Dec 2013
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 116 (457,697)

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climate action, regional trade agreements, climate change mitigation, emissions trading scheme, energy trade, sustainable development, renewable energy, aviation, shipping, WTO

152.

External Relations of the European Union in the Energy Sector: EU-Russia Energy (Trade) Relations

Flatt, V.B., Lopez de la Osa Escribano, A., and Nzaou-Kongo, A. (eds.) Energy Law and Policy in a Climate-Constrained World, Washington, D.C., Westphalia Press, 2022, Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 348/2021
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 20 Jan 2021 Last Revised: 17 Jan 2023
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Iuliia Dragunova
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 112 (469,879)

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European Union, energy, international trade, Russia, Energy Community, treaty regimes, competence issues, EU treaties

153.

The GATS and Temporary Migration Policy

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW AND NATIONAL AUTONOMY, pp. 193-215, M. Lewis & S. Frankel, eds., Cambridge University Press, 2010
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 05 Oct 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 112 (469,879)

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GATS, Mode 4, Temporary Migration Policy, Domestic Regulation, Knowledge-Based Society, Highly-Skilled Workers

154.

The EU and China in a New World Order: Challenges Ahead

EUCROSS Jean Monnet network Working Paper, July 2019, pp. 1-20
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 30 Jul 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 108 (482,393)
Citation 1

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European Union, China, trade, global economic governance

155.

Natural Gas, US Shale Dynamics and Energy Security: A View from the European Union

Published in Raszewski, S. (ed.) The International Political Economy of Oil and Gas: Governing the Resources in Changing Contexts, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 73-86, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 265/2017
Number of pages: 13 Posted: 26 Nov 2017 Last Revised: 18 Jan 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 107 (485,555)

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Gas Exporting Countries Forum, Natural Gas, Shale Gas Revolution, Liquefied Natural Gas, Energy Security, Energy Supply

156.

The EU and Brazil: Trading Partners in Different Fora

The Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 8, No. 11, pp. 1-12, June 2008
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 10 Jan 2009
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 107 (485,555)
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Brazil, European Union, international trade, unilateralism, bilateralism/regionalism, multilateralism

157.

Electricity Decentralization in the European Union: Towards Zero Carbon and Energy Transition, 2nd edition

Electricity Decentralization in the European Union: Towards zero carbon and energy transition, 2nd edition, Oxford: Elsevier, 2023; 910 pages + xxviii
Number of pages: 28 Posted: 09 Jun 2023 Last Revised: 27 Jun 2023
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 105 (492,300)

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smart grids; prosumers; sustainability; energy security; demand response; electricity storage; collaborative economy; circular economy; cybersecurity; data protection

158.

University Initiatives in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (Table of Contents)

UNIVERSITY INITIATIVES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION, Springer, 2018
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 04 Sep 2018
Walter Leal Filho and Rafael Leal-Arcas
Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (HAW) and KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 105 (492,300)

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climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation

159.

Energy, Electricity and Smart Grids in Latvia and Portugal – Developments and Concerns

2 KY. J. EQUINE, AGRI., & NAT. RESOURCES L. Vol. 12, pp. 1-70
Number of pages: 70 Posted: 03 Mar 2021 Last Revised: 21 Jun 2021
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Filipa Santos and Danai Papadea
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Queen Mary University of London and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 103 (499,104)

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electricity sector, Latvia, Portugal, European Union, clean energy, smart grids, electricity markets

160.

Geoengineering a Future for Humankind: Some Technical and Ethical Considerations

Carbon and Climate Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 128-148, 2012
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 19 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 17 Jul 2014
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Andreas Filis
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary, University of London
Downloads 103 (499,104)
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geoengineering, climate change mitigation, trade and geoengineering, governance

161.

Multilateral and Bilateral Energy Investment Treaties

Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, Springer 2019
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 14 Jan 2020
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Victoria Nalule
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and Queen Mary University of London
Downloads 101 (505,957)
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bilateral energy investment treaties; multilateral energy investment treaties

162.

Unconventional Sources of Fossil Fuel in the European Union and China: Perspectives on Trade, Climate Change and Energy Security

published as R. Leal-Arcas, “Unconventional sources of fossil fuel in the European Union and China: Perspectives on trade, climate change and energy security,” in Hefele, P., Palocz-Andresen, M., Rech, M. and Kohler, J.-H. (eds.) Climate and Energy Protection in the EU and China, Cham: Switzerland, , Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 288/2018
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 26 Nov 2018
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 101 (505,957)
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unconventional sources of fossil fuel, natural gas, geopolitics, energy security, climate change, international trade

163.

Environment-led Conditionality in the EU’s and US’s Generalized System of Preferences

in P. Delimatsis and L. Reins (eds.) Encyclopedia on Trade and Environmental Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021, Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 335/2020
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 30 Jun 2020 Last Revised: 10 Jan 2022
Rafael Leal-Arcas and Saana Saveljeff
KAPSARC School of Public Policy and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 100 (509,321)

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Generalized system of preferences, anti-globalism, imports, MFN principle, trade in goods, environmental provisions

164.

Review of 'EU Foreign Relations Law: Constitutional Fundamentals' (Oxford and Portland, Hart, 2008)

European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 137-138, 2010
Number of pages: 2 Posted: 04 Jan 2010 Last Revised: 15 Oct 2010
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
Downloads 96 (523,289)

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EU foreign relations law, Constitutional Treaty, Lisbon Treaty, cross-pillarisation of EU policies

165.

Clean Energy Technologies: Assessing Advantages and Risks

Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 35-47, 2023, Queen Mary Law Research Paper No. 404/2023
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 30 May 2023 Last Revised: 11 Oct 2023
Rafael Leal-Arcas, Yael Nacht, Laure Madeleine, Javier Pelegri, Guy Mizrachi and Julia Siebenhirter
KAPSARC School of Public Policy, Tel Aviv University - Buchmann Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University - Buchmann Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University - Buchmann Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University - Buchmann Faculty of Law and Tel Aviv University - Buchmann Faculty of Law
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clean energy technologies, solar energy, wind energy, supergrid, renewable technology, energy transition

166.

Cidadãos no centro da transição energética: Um novo modelo de governança (Citizens at the Center of the Energy Transition: A New Governance Model)

Environmental Law and Economics, Thomson Reuters, 2019, pp. 231-244
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 27 Jun 2019
Rafael Leal-Arcas
KAPSARC School of Public Policy
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behavioral economic analysis, clean energy, prosumers, smart cities

167.

The Creation of a Climate Club for a Sustainable Economic Future: the Role of International Economic Law Amidst Geopolitical Confrontation

Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 52, Issue 1, pp. 1-88, 2024
Number of pages: 88 Posted: 13 Feb 2024
Dyuti Pandya and Rafael Leal-Arcas
University of Mumbai and KAPSARC School of Public Policy
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