Helen L. Norton

University of Colorado Law School

Associate Professor of Law

401 UCB

Boulder, CO 80309

United States

  • University of Colorado Law School

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

40

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9

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10

Scholarly Papers (40)

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1.

Intermediaries and Hate Speech: Fostering Digital Citizenship for Our Information Age

Boston University Law Review, Vol. 91, p. 1435, 2011, U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2011-16
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 21 Feb 2011 Last Revised: 11 Mar 2014
Danielle Keats Citron and Helen L. Norton
University of Virginia School of Law and University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 2,240 (11,361)
Citation 1

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cyber hate, hate speech, digital citizenship

2.

Free Speech and Democracy: A Primer for 21st Century Reformers

54 UC Davis Law Review 1631 (2021), Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 20-27, U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 20-43
Number of pages: 55 Posted: 18 Jun 2020 Last Revised: 26 Feb 2021
Toni M. Massaro and Helen L. Norton
University of Arizona College of Law and University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 1,072 (34,732)

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Constitutional law, first Amendment, democracy, free speech, political speech, separation of powers, federalism, state action doctrine, liberalism

3.

Siri-ously? Free Speech Rights and Artificial Intelligence

110 Northwestern University Law Review 1169 (2016), Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 15-29
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 14 Aug 2015 Last Revised: 06 Oct 2016
Toni M. Massaro and Helen L. Norton
University of Arizona College of Law and University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 987 (39,045)
Citation 1

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first amendment, freedom of speech, speech theory, constitutional law, constitutional theory, personhood, computer speech, robots, artificial intelligence, strong artificial intelligence, machine speech, fundamental rights, autonomy, theories of rights

4.

SIRI-OUSLY 2.0: What Artificial Intelligence Reveals about the First Amendment

101 Minnesota Law Review 2481 (2017), Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 17-01, Ohio State Public Law Working Paper No. 374, U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 17-3
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 10 Jan 2017 Last Revised: 27 Sep 2017
Toni M. Massaro, Helen L. Norton and Margot E. Kaminski
University of Arizona College of Law, University of Colorado Law School and University of Colorado Law SchoolYale University - Yale Information Society Project
Downloads 696 (62,898)
Citation 1

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First Amendment, Freedom of Speech, Speech Theory, Constitutional Law, Constitutional Theory, Personhood, Computer Speech, Robots, Artificial Intelligence, Strong Artificial Intelligence, Machine Speech, Fundamental Rights, Autonomy, Theories of Rights

5.

Constraining Public Employee Speech: Government's Control of its Workers' Speech to Protect its Own Expression

Duke Law Journal, Vol. 59, No. 1, 2009, U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 09-16
Number of pages: 69 Posted: 12 Mar 2009 Last Revised: 19 Sep 2018
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 296 (171,693)
Citation 1

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First Amendment, government speech, Garcetti, Pickering, public employees, government workers, free speech

6.

Government Speech 2.0

Denver University Law Review, Vol. 87, p. 899, 2010, U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 10-10, U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2010-12
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 28 Jul 2010 Last Revised: 19 Sep 2018
Helen L. Norton and Danielle Keats Citron
University of Colorado Law School and University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 226 (224,696)

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First Amendment, government speech, constitutional law, cyberlaw, Twitter, social media, transparency

7.

Truth and Lies in the Workplace: Employer Speech and the First Amendment

Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 101, 2016
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 28 Feb 2016 Last Revised: 29 Oct 2016
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 212 (238,531)
Citation 1

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First Amendment, employer speech, commercial speech, workers' rights, constitutional law

8.

The Supreme Court's Post-Racial Turn Towards A Zero-Sum Understanding of Equality

William & Mary Law Review, Vol. 52, p. 197, 2010, U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 10-13
Number of pages: 63 Posted: 05 Apr 2010 Last Revised: 19 Sep 2018
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 208 (242,704)

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Ricci, disparate impact, constitutional law, equal protection, employment discrimination, civil rights

9.

The Government's Lies and the Constitution

91 Indiana Law Journal 73 (2015)
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 07 Mar 2015 Last Revised: 25 Sep 2018
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 205 (245,974)

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government lies, government falsehoods, government deception, government disloyalty, government coercion, lies, falsehoods, first amendment, due process

10.

The Measure of Government Speech: Identifying Expression's Source

Boston University Law Review, Vol. 88, No. 587, 2008, U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-14
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 30 Jun 2008 Last Revised: 19 Sep 2018
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 193 (259,756)

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first amendment, government speech, transparency, Johanns

11.

The Government's Manufacture of Doubt

16 First Am. L. Rev. 342 (2018), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-1
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 10 Jan 2018 Last Revised: 18 Jul 2019
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 172 (287,604)

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government speech, lies and misrepresentations, manufacture of doubt, first amendment, government lies, government secrets

12.

Lies and the Constitution

2012 Supreme Court Review 161 (2013), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13-2
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 12 Feb 2013 Last Revised: 27 Aug 2017
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 152 (319,223)
Citation 2

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First Amendment, lies, falsehoods, Alvarez

13.

Manipulation and the First Amendment

30 William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 221 (2021), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 21-32
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 06 Dec 2021 Last Revised: 12 Dec 2022
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 151 (320,940)

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manipulation, first amendment, free speech, algorithms, consumer protection, platforms, ethics

14.

Government Lies and the Press Clause

89 U. Colo. L. Rev. 453 (2018)
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 14 Jul 2017 Last Revised: 02 Jul 2019
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 140 (340,975)

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government speech, lies, falsehoods, First Amendment, Press Clause, free speech, free press

15.

You Can't Ask (or Say) that: The First Amendment and Civil Rights Restrictions on Decisionmaker Speech

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Vol. 11, p. 727-778, 2003, U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2003-7
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 27 Oct 2003 Last Revised: 19 Sep 2018
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 140 (340,975)
Citation 1

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civil rights, First Amendment, commercial speech, employer speech, housing law, inquiry ban, reliance ban, employer inquiries

16.

What 21st-Century Free Speech Law Means for Securities Regulation

99 Notre Dame Law Review (Forthcoming), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. #23-13
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 04 May 2023 Last Revised: 19 Jul 2023
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 139 (342,845)

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first amendment law, securities regulation, free speech law, climate change, corporate governance, business law, commercial law, compelled commercial disclosures

17.

The Equal Protection Implications of Government's Hateful Speech

54 William and Mary Law Review 159 (2012), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-05
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 28 Mar 2012 Last Revised: 12 Oct 2012
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 137 (346,765)

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government speech, hate speech, equal protection, first amendment

18.

Reshaping Federal Jurisdiction: Congress's Latest Challenge to Judicial Review

Wake Forest Law Review, Vol. 41, pp. 1003-1043, 2006, University of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2006-41
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 30 Nov 2006
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 133 (354,769)

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19.

Campaign Speech Law with a Twist: When the Government is the Speaker, Not the Regulator

Emory Law Journal, Vol. 61, p. 209, 2011, U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 08-11
Number of pages: 57 Posted: 11 May 2011 Last Revised: 13 Apr 2012
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 128 (365,105)

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constitutional law, First Amendment, government speech, election law, campaign finance reform

20.

Government Workers and Government Speech

First Amendment Law Review, Vol. 7, 2008
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 29 Oct 2008 Last Revised: 24 Nov 2008
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 116 (392,544)

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First Amendment, public employees, government speech, civil rights

21.

Government Speech and the War on Terror

86 Fordham Law Review 543 (2017), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 17-13
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 14 Jul 2017 Last Revised: 01 Dec 2017
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 105 (421,731)

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constitutional law, government speech, war, national security, free speech, First Amendment, due process, equal protection

22.

Stepping Through Grutter's Open Doors: What the University of Michigan Affirmative Action Cases Mean for Race-Conscious Government Decisionmaking

Temple Law Review, Vol. 78, No. 3, p. 543-578, Fall 2005 , U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2005-47
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 25 Aug 2005
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 102 (430,496)

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Constitutional law, affirmative action, diversity, equal protection, employment, financial aid

23.

The Government's Speech and the Constitution - Introduction (Excerpt)

The Government's Speech and the Constitution (Cambridge University Press 2019), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 19-26
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 09 Aug 2019 Last Revised: 30 Oct 2019
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 101 (433,476)

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government speech, constitutional law, first amendment, free speech law, due process clause, equal protetion clause, establishment clause, remedies, accountability, lies, falsehoods

24.

Not for Attribution: Government's Interest in Protecting the Integrity of its Own Expression

U.C. Davis Law Review, Vol. 37, pp. 1317-1350, 2003-2004, U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2006-35
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 21 Jun 2004
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 98 (442,362)

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First Amendment, government speech, expressive integrity

25.

Discrimination, The Speech That Enables It, And The First Amendment

2020 U. Chi. L. For. 209 (2020), 2020 University of Chicago Legal Forum 209 (2020), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 20-37
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 14 Jul 2020 Last Revised: 13 Jan 2021
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 92 (460,884)

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discrimination, civil rights, First Amendment, free speech, employment, housing

26.

Setting the Tipping Point for Disclosing the Identity of Anonymous Online Speakers: Lessons from Other Disclosure Contexts

Wake Forest Law Review, Vol. 49, 2014
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 20 May 2014
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 81 (498,136)

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disclosure, anonymous, online

27.

Powerful Speakers and Their Listeners

90 U. Colo. L. Rev. 441 (2019), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-29
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 22 Aug 2018 Last Revised: 30 Oct 2019
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 76 (516,923)

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First Amendment, listeners, deception, coercion, powerful speakers, commercial speech, professional speech, employer speech, reproductive health care speech, vulnerable listeners, free speech

28.

A Framework for Thinking About the Government's Speech and the Constitution

2022 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1669 (2022), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 21-31
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 06 Dec 2021 Last Revised: 12 Dec 2022
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 69 (545,251)

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constitutional law, government speech, first amendment, free speech clause, establishment clause, equal protection clause, due process clause

29.

Government Speech in Transition

57 S. Dak. L. Rev. 421 (2012), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-14
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 13 Jul 2012 Last Revised: 15 Dec 2012
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 68 (549,575)

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30.

Secrets, Lies, and Disclosure

27 Journal of Law & Politics 641 (2012), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 12-17
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 13 Aug 2012
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 67 (553,988)

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First Amendment, campaign finance, disclosure, election, constitutional law

31.

(At Least) Thirteen Ways of Looking at Election Lies

71 Oklahoma L. Rev. 117 (2018), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-27
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 08 Aug 2018 Last Revised: 30 Oct 2019
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 65 (562,771)

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elections, campaigns, lies, falsehoods, First Amendment, free speech, election lies, campaign lies, voting lies

32.

Employers' Duties of Honesty and Accuracy

21 Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal 575 (2017)
Number of pages: 13 Posted: 05 Jan 2017 Last Revised: 07 Mar 2018
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 60 (585,544)

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Employer Speech, Fraudulent Misrepresentation, Negligent Misrepsentation

33.

Pregnancy and the First Amendment

87 Fordham Law Review 2417 (2019), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 19-20
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 24 May 2019 Last Revised: 30 Oct 2019
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 59 (590,290)

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pregnancy, First Amendment, reproductive rights, professional speech, listeners' rights

34.

Shining a Light on Democracy's Dark Lagoon

South Carolina Law Review, Vol. 61, No. 535, 2010, U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 10-17
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 09 Jun 2010
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 59 (590,290)

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first amendment, government speech

35.

Robotic Speakers and Human Listeners

41 Seattle University Law Review 1145 (2018), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-30
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 06 Sep 2018 Last Revised: 30 Oct 2019
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 55 (610,340)

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artificial intelligence, robots, free speech, listeners, speakers First Amendment, robotics

36.

Imaginary Threats to Government's Expressive Interests

Case Western Reserve Law Review, Forthcoming, University of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 05-11
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 12 Apr 2011
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 55 (610,340)

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constitutional law, First Amendment, government speech, student speech

37.

Remedies and the Government's Constitutionally Harmful Speech

9 ConLawNOW 49 (2018), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-35
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 10 Jan 2018 Last Revised: 08 Oct 2018
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 53 (620,819)

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remedies, Constitution, government speech, government lies, First Amendment, injunctions, declaratory relief, equal protection

38.

Distrust, Negative First Amendment Theory, and the Regulation of Lies

22-07 KNIGHT FIRST AMEND. INST. (Oct. 19, 2022), https://knightcolumbia.org/content/distrust-negative-first-amendment-theory-and-the-regulation-of-lies, U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 22-23
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 02 Nov 2022 Last Revised: 06 Dec 2022
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 51 (631,602)

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first amendment, lies, free speech, falsehoods, negative theory, regulation, distrust

39.

Government Speech and Political Courage

68 Stan. L. Rev. Online 61 (2015)
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 26 Sep 2016
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 44 (671,543)

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government speech, First Amendment, confederate flag

40.

Getting to Trustworthiness (But Not Necessarily to Trust)

3 Journal of Free Speech Law 7 (2023), U of Colorado Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 23-15
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 19 Jun 2023 Last Revised: 21 Jul 2023
Helen L. Norton
University of Colorado Law School
Downloads 35 (730,692)

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media, free press, press clause, platforms, trust.