Christopher Anthony Cotropia

University of Richmond - School of Law

Professor of Law

28 Westhampton Way

Richmond, VA 23173

United States

  • University of Richmond - School of Law

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

48

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20,703

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Top 13,870

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64

CROSSREF CITATIONS

36

Scholarly Papers (48)

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1.

Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Entire Book)

Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Fall 2023)
Number of pages: 1085 Posted: 06 May 2021 Last Revised: 27 Aug 2023
Mark D. Janis, Ted M. Sichelman, John R. Allison, Thomas F. Cotter, Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Dmitry Karshtedt, Jeffrey A. Lefstin, Jason Rantanen, David O. Taylor and S. Sean Tu
Indiana University Maurer School of Law, University of San Diego School of Law, University of Texas - McCombs School of Business, University of Minnesota Law School, University of Richmond - School of Law, George Washington University - Law School, UC Law, San Francisco, University of Iowa - College of Law, Southern Methodist University - Dedman School of Law and West Virginia University College of Law
Downloads 2,331 (11,105)

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patent law, patents, patent system, casebook, open source, history of patent law, economics of patent law, patent document and its claims, subject matter eligibility, utility, disclosure, anticipation, obviousness, infringement, defenses, remedies

2.

Unpacking Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs)

99 Minnesota Law Review 649 (2014), Illinois Program in Law, Behavior and Social Science Paper No. LBSS 14-20, Illinois Public Law Research Paper No. 14-17, Chicago-Kent College of Law Research Paper No. 2013-49
Number of pages: 55 Posted: 07 Nov 2013 Last Revised: 19 Dec 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Jay P. Kesan and David L. Schwartz
University of Richmond - School of Law, University of Illinois College of Law and Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law
Downloads 2,243 (11,824)
Citation 11

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patents, patent litigation, non-practicing entity, NPE, patent assertion entity, PAE, patent monetization entity, PME, patent troll, American Invents Act, joinder, patent holding company, empirical

3.

The Unreasonableness of the Patent Office's 'Broadest Reasonable Interpretation' Standard

American Intellectual Property Law Association Quarterly Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2009
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 16 Jul 2009 Last Revised: 17 Dec 2009
Dawn-Marie Bey and Christopher Anthony Cotropia
Bey & Cotropia PLLC and University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 1,798 (16,761)

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patent, PTO, USPTO, patent office, claim interpretation, claim construction

4.

Do Applicant Patent Citations Matter?

7th Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies Paper, Stanford Law and Economics Olin Working Paper No. 401, Stanford Public Law Working Paper No. 1656568, 42 Research Policy 844 (2013)
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 10 Aug 2010 Last Revised: 24 Apr 2020
Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Mark A. Lemley and Bhaven N. Sampat
University of Richmond - School of Law, Stanford Law School and Columbia University - Mailman School of Public Health
Downloads 1,654 (19,054)
Citation 20

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Patent, Intellectual Property, Examiner, Inequitable Conduct, Presumption of Validity, Empirical, Prior Art, Patent Prosecution

5.

Copying in Patent Law

North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 87, p. 1421, 2009, Stanford Public Law Working Paper No. 1270160
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 19 Sep 2008 Last Revised: 06 Feb 2011
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and Mark A. Lemley
University of Richmond - School of Law and Stanford Law School
Downloads 1,018 (38,895)
Citation 3

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6.

Who Benefits from Repealing Tampon Taxes? Empirical Evidence from New Jersey

Number of pages: 37 Posted: 18 Jul 2017 Last Revised: 20 Apr 2018
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and Kyle Rozema
University of Richmond - School of Law and Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law
Downloads 975 (41,335)
Citation 3

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Tampon Taxes, Tax Incidence

7.

Menstruation Management in United States Schools and Implications for Attendance, Academic Performance, and Health

Women's Reproductive Health, Vol. 9 (Forthcoming)
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 19 Jan 2019 Last Revised: 20 Aug 2019
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 849 (50,134)
Citation 3

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Adolescents; Menstruation; Menstrual Hygiene Products; Feminine Hygiene Products; School; Attendance

8.

Patent Claim Interpretation Methodologies and Their Claim Scope Paradigms

Downloads 803 (54,003)
Citation 2

Patent Claim Interpretation Methodologies and Their Claim Scope Paradigms

William & Mary Law Review, Vol. 47, October 2005, Tulane Public Law Research Paper No. 05-05
Number of pages: 85 Posted: 09 Nov 2005
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 494 (99,151)

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patent, claim, claim interpretation, patent scope, patent theory, interpretation

Patent Claim Interpretation Methodologies and Their Claim Scope Paradigms

Number of pages: 71 Posted: 14 Mar 2005
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 309 (169,044)
Citation 3

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patent, claim, claim interpretation, patent scope, patent theory, interpretation

9.

Compulsory Licensing Under TRIPS and the Supreme Court of the United States' Decision in eBay v. MercExchange

PATENT LAW: A HANDBOOK OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH, Toshiko Takenaka & Rainer Moufang, eds., Edward Elgar Publishing Co., 2008
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 22 Jan 2008 Last Revised: 19 Jul 2023
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 787 (55,481)

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TRIPS, patents, injunctions, international law, remedies, eBay, intellectual property, compulsory licensing

10.

Patent Applications and the Performance of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

Federal Circuit Bar Journal, Vol. 23 (2013), Richmond School of Law Intellectual Property Institute Research Paper No. 2013-01
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 03 Mar 2013 Last Revised: 22 Apr 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Cecil D. Quillen Jr. and Ogden H. Webster
University of Richmond - School of Law, University of Richmond School of Law and Independent
Downloads 530 (91,977)
Citation 5

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patent, USPTO, application, continuation, RCE, backlog, United States Patent and Trademark Office

11.

Copyright's Topography: An Empirical Study of Copyright Litigation

Texas Law Review, Vol. 92, No. 7 (2014)
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 25 Feb 2014 Last Revised: 15 Jul 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and James Gibson
University of Richmond - School of Law and University of Richmond School of Law
Downloads 375 (138,083)
Citation 1

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copyright, litigation, intellectual property, infringement, dockets, empirical, statistics, courts

12.

Counterclaims, the Well-Pleaded Complaint, and Federal Jurisdiction

Hofstra Law Review, Fall 2004, Tulane Public Law Research Paper No. 04-03
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 20 Apr 2004 Last Revised: 06 Apr 2009
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 350 (148,969)

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Jurisdiction, Federal Jurisdiction, Counterclaims, Arising Under, Well-Pleaded Complaint, Holmes, Litigation

13.

Patent Claim Interpretation and Information Costs

Lewis & Clark Law Review, Vol. 9, 2005, Tulane Public Law Research Paper No. 04-08
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 19 Oct 2004 Last Revised: 06 Apr 2009
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 349 (149,424)

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Patent, Claim, Claim Interpretation, Claim Construction, Information Costs, Specification, Methodology

14.

Nonobviousness and the Federal Circuit: An Empirical Analysis of Recent Case Law

Notre Dame Law Review, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 29 Sep 2006 Last Revised: 03 Apr 2009
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 334 (156,634)

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patents, obvious, nonobvious, obviousness, nonobviousness, federal circuit

15.

Modernizing Patent Law's Inequitable Conduct Doctrine

Berkeley Technology Law Journal, 2009
Number of pages: 58 Posted: 01 Jun 2008
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 327 (160,263)
Citation 2

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inequitable conduct, patent law, patent reform, patent quality, over compensation, USPTO, Patent Office

16.

Should Your Law Review Article Have an Abstract and Table of Contents?

Loyola Law School, Los Angeles Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2016-39
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 05 Oct 2014 Last Revised: 20 Nov 2016
Lee Petherbridge and Christopher Anthony Cotropia
Loyola Law School Los Angeles and University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 325 (161,307)
Citation 1

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law review, law journal, empirical, abstract, table of contents, bibliometrics, legal studies, academic quality, scholarly influence

17.

Patent Law Viewed Through an Evidentiary Lens: The 'Suggestion Test' as a Rule of Evidence

Brigham Young University Law Review, Vol. 2006, No. 6, 2006, Tulane Public Law Research Paper No. 06-03
Number of pages: 72 Posted: 29 Mar 2006 Last Revised: 06 Apr 2009
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 310 (169,582)

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patents, evidence, nonobviousness, obviousness, suggestion test

18.

After-Arising Technologies and Tailoring Patent Scope

NYU Annual Survey of American Law, Vol. 61, 2005, Tulane Public Law Research Paper No. 04-10
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 09 Nov 2004 Last Revised: 06 Apr 2009
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 296 (177,977)
Citation 1

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Patents, claims, claim scope, equivalents, doctrine of equivalents, after-arising technologies, later developed technology, tailoring, invention, innovation, technology

19.

The Upside of Intellectual Property's Downside

UCLA Law Review, Vol. 57, p. 921, 2010
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 06 May 2009 Last Revised: 20 Jul 2017
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and James Gibson
University of Richmond - School of Law and University of Richmond School of Law
Downloads 294 (179,255)

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patent, copyright, intellectual property, tax, biotechnology, fashion, pornography, monopoly, innovation

20.

Is Patent Claim Interpretation Review Deference or Correction Driven?

Brigham Young University Law Review, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 17 May 2013 Last Revised: 17 Mar 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 284 (185,768)

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Patent, Claim Construction, Claim Interpretation, Federal Circuit, Appellate Review, Patent Scope, Patent Breadth, Deference

21.

Describing Patents as Real Options

Journal of Corporation Law, Vol. 34, p. 1127, 2009
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 15 Mar 2009 Last Revised: 05 Dec 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 276 (191,237)
Citation 4

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patents, real options

22.

Gender Disparity in Law Review Citation Rates

William & Mary Law Review, Vol. 59, No. 3, 2018, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2016-38
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 22 Jul 2014 Last Revised: 26 Mar 2018
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and Lee Petherbridge
University of Richmond - School of Law and Loyola Law School Los Angeles
Downloads 250 (211,088)

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citations, gender, scholarship, impact

23.

Patents Used in Patent Office Rejections as Indicators of Value

Number of pages: 25 Posted: 13 Nov 2018 Last Revised: 23 Oct 2023
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and David L. Schwartz
University of Richmond - School of Law and Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law
Downloads 246 (215,299)

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patent, patent citation, patent value, forward citation, patent application, examiner, patent prosecution

24.

The Individual Inventor Motif in the Age of the Patent Troll

Yale Journal of Law & Technology, Vol. 12 (2009)
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 16 Jul 2009 Last Revised: 22 Apr 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 231 (228,080)
Citation 2

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patent, patent trolls, individual inventor, independent inventor, patent rhetoric, patent reform

25.

Political Ideology and Judicial Administration: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic

Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 22-20
Number of pages: 69 Posted: 02 Jun 2022 Last Revised: 28 Feb 2023
Adam Chilton, Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Kyle Rozema and David L. Schwartz
University of Chicago - Law School, University of Richmond - School of Law, Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law and Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law
Downloads 227 (231,870)

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Judicial Politics, Judicial Behavior, Federal Courts, Political Ideology, COVID-19

26.

Law’s Ability to Further the 'Menstrual Movement'

Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, Vol. 41, 2021
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 18 Feb 2021
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 212 (247,176)
Citation 1

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Menstruation; Menstrual Hygiene Products; Feminine Hygiene Products; Menstrual Movement; Expressive; Tampon Tax; Equity

27.

Gender Discrimination in Online Markets

University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics Research Paper No. 864, U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 692, Northwestern Law & Econ Research Paper No. 18-24
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 21 Jun 2018 Last Revised: 14 Feb 2019
Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Jonathan S. Masur and David L. Schwartz
University of Richmond - School of Law, University of Chicago - Law School and Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law
Downloads 206 (253,763)

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discrimination, gender, experiment, ebay, baseball cards

28.

What is the 'Invention'?

William & Mary Law Review, Vol. 53, 2012
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 29 Aug 2011 Last Revised: 03 Jan 2015
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 201 (259,528)

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patents, invention, law, claims, Federal Circuit, technology, specification, written description

29.

The Dominance of Teams in the Production of Legal Knowledge

124 Yale L.J. F. 18 (2014), Loyola-LA Legal Studies Paper No. 2013-7
Number of pages: 11 Posted: 07 Feb 2013 Last Revised: 08 Jul 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and Lee Petherbridge
University of Richmond - School of Law and Loyola Law School Los Angeles
Downloads 198 (263,050)

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legal studies, legal research, citation, research quality, knowledge production

30.

Patents as Signals of Quality in Crowdfunding

2021 U. Ill. L. Rev. 193
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 23 Feb 2018 Last Revised: 27 Jan 2021
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 185 (279,469)

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patents, crowdfunding, crowd funding, kickstarter, venture, entrepreneur, invention, innovation

31.

The Hidden Value of Abandoned Applications to the Patent System

Boston College Law Review, Vol. 61, page 2809, 2020, Northwestern Law & Econ Research Paper No. 19-08, Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 19-18
Number of pages: 60 Posted: 08 Oct 2019 Last Revised: 27 Nov 2020
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and David L. Schwartz
University of Richmond - School of Law and Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law
Downloads 181 (284,904)
Citation 2

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patents, citations, value, abandoned, patent system, USPTO

32.

Heterogeneity Among Patent Plaintiffs: An Empirical Analysis of Patent Case Progression, Settlement, and Adjudication

Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, Volume 15, Issue 1, 80-125, March 2018, Northwestern Law & Econ Research Paper, University of Illinois College of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-10
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 10 Oct 2017 Last Revised: 17 Feb 2018
Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Jay P. Kesan and David L. Schwartz
University of Richmond - School of Law, University of Illinois College of Law and Northwestern University - Pritzker School of Law
Downloads 177 (292,013)
Citation 1

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Patent, Litigation, PAE, NPE, Troll, Empirical, Patent Litigation

33.

The Folly of Early Filing in Patent Law

Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2009
Number of pages: 73 Posted: 04 Mar 2009 Last Revised: 05 Dec 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 162 (313,473)
Citation 2

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patent, early filing, prospect theory

34.

Commentary to the U.S. Copyright Office Regarding the Section 512 Study: Higher Education and the DMCA Safe Harbors

Number of pages: 27 Posted: 02 Oct 2016
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and James Gibson
University of Richmond - School of Law and University of Richmond School of Law
Downloads 155 (325,438)

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Copyright, Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA, safe harbor, notice and takedown, higher education, colleges, universities, empirical, survey

35.

Predictability and Nonobviousness in Patent Law after KSR

20 Mich. Telecomm. & Tech. L. Rev. 391 (2014)
Number of pages: 49 Posted: 29 Aug 2013 Last Revised: 08 Jul 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 155 (327,171)

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patents, nonobviousness, obviousness, KSR, predictability, uncertainty

36.

'Arising Under' Jurisdiction and Uniformity in Patent Law

Number of pages: 59 Posted: 29 Jul 2003
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 154 (327,171)

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Patent, Federal Circuit, Intellectual Property, Jurisdiction, Federal Courts, Civil Procedure

37.

Continuing Patent Applications and Performance of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as of Fiscal Year 2017

Intellectual Property Institute, Research Paper No. 2018-01
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 24 Mar 2018
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and Cecil D. Quillen Jr.
University of Richmond - School of Law and University of Richmond School of Law
Downloads 149 (336,157)
Citation 3

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Patent, USPTO, Application, Continuation, RCE, Backlog, United States Patent and Trademark Office

38.

Response to the Proposed Changes to the Claim Construction Standard for Interpreting Claims in Trial Proceedings Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board

University of Illinois College of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-32, Georgia Tech Scheller College of Business Research Paper No. 18-35, University of Missouri School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper, Stanford Public Law Working Paper, George Mason Legal Studies Research Paper No. LS 18-28
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 28 Aug 2018 Last Revised: 24 Sep 2018
Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Dennis David Crouch, Stuart J.H. Graham, Mark D. Janis, Jay P. Kesan, Mark A. Lemley, Adam Mossoff, Arti K. Rai, Ted M. Sichelman and Saurabh Vishnubhakat
University of Richmond - School of Law, University of Missouri School of Law, Georgia Institute of Technology - Scheller College of Business, Indiana University Maurer School of Law, University of Illinois College of Law, Stanford Law School, George Mason University - Antonin Scalia Law School, Duke University School of Law, University of San Diego School of Law and Yeshiva University - Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
Downloads 138 (357,192)
Citation 2

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patent, innovation, intellectual property, PTAB, claim construction, broadest reasonable interpretation, BRI, Phillips

39.

Boosting Patent Quality and Equity with Access to AI and Automation

Regulation, Forthcoming 2024
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 27 Oct 2023
Colleen V. Chien and Christopher Anthony Cotropia
Berkeley Law School and University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 133 (369,649)

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patent law, patent reform, patents, patent quality, equity, access, technology

40.

Strength of the International Trade Commission as a Patent Venue

Texas Intellectual Prfoperty Law Journal, Vol. 19, 2011
Number of pages: 32 Posted: 04 Mar 2011 Last Revised: 25 May 2014
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 133 (367,545)
Citation 1

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Patent, International Trade Commission, Kyocera

41.

Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Cover, Preface, and Table of Contents)

Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Fall 2023)
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 30 Apr 2021 Last Revised: 27 Aug 2023
John R. Allison, Thomas F. Cotter, Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Mark D. Janis, Dmitry Karshtedt, Jeffrey A. Lefstin, Jason Rantanen, Ted M. Sichelman, David O. Taylor and S. Sean Tu
University of Texas - McCombs School of Business, University of Minnesota Law School, University of Richmond - School of Law, Indiana University Maurer School of Law, George Washington University - Law School, UC Law, San Francisco, University of Iowa - College of Law, University of San Diego School of Law, Southern Methodist University - Dedman School of Law and West Virginia University College of Law
Downloads 114 (412,285)

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patents, patent law, casebook, open source, patent claims, subject matter eligibility, utility, disclosure, anticipation, obviousness, infringement, defenses, remedies

42.

Determining Uniformity within the Federal Circuit by Measuring Dissent and En Banc Review

Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2010
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 02 May 2010 Last Revised: 06 Feb 2013
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 112 (417,573)

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patent, Federal Circuit, court of appeals, dissent, en banc, intellectual property

43.

Convergence and Conflation in Online Copyright

Iowa Law Review, Vol. 105, No. 3, 2020
Number of pages: 54 Posted: 27 Aug 2018 Last Revised: 15 Apr 2020
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and James Gibson
University of Richmond - School of Law and University of Richmond School of Law
Downloads 91 (484,688)

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Copyright, DMCA, Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Safe Harbor, Service Provider, ISP

44.

Continuing Patent Applications and Performance of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as of Fiscal Year 2016

Richmond School of Law Intellectual Property Institute Research Paper No. 2017-01
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 09 Aug 2017
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and Cecil D. Quillen Jr.
University of Richmond - School of Law and University of Richmond School of Law
Downloads 88 (491,472)
Citation 2

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patent, USPTO, application, continuation, RCE, backlog, United States Patent and Trademark Office

45.

Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Chapter 6: Obviousness)

Patent Law: An Open-Source Casebook (Fall 2023)
Number of pages: 111 Posted: 27 Apr 2021 Last Revised: 27 Aug 2023
Christopher Anthony Cotropia, Mark D. Janis and Ted M. Sichelman
University of Richmond - School of Law, Indiana University Maurer School of Law and University of San Diego School of Law
Downloads 87 (498,527)

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patent law, patents, casebook, open source, obviousness, KSR, Graham v. John Deere, secondary factors, nonobviousness

46.

Can IP Rights Be Reconceived Via Music Modernization Act?

Law360 Expert Analysis, 2020
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 28 Dec 2020
Matthew Pangle and Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law and University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 85 (502,160)

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Music Modernization Act, copyright, public rights

47.

Continuing Patent Applications and Performance of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office as of Fiscal Year 2018

Richmond School of Law Intellectual Property Institute Research Paper No. 2019-01
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 17 May 2019 Last Revised: 22 May 2019
Christopher Anthony Cotropia and Cecil D. Quillen Jr.
University of Richmond - School of Law and University of Richmond School of Law
Downloads 71 (557,167)
Citation 3

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Patent, USPTO, Application, Continuation, RCE, Backlog, United States Patent

48.

Physicalism and Patent Theory

Vanderbilt Law Review, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 02 Aug 2016
Christopher Anthony Cotropia
University of Richmond - School of Law
Downloads 54 (644,528)

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Patent, Disclosure, Non-Practicing Entity, NPE, Physicalism, Property