Deborah L. Brake

University of Pittsburgh - School of Law

Associate Dean for Research & Faculty Development John E. Murray Faculty Scholar, Professor of Law

3900 Forbes Ave.

Pittsburgh, PA 15260

United States

  • University of Pittsburgh - School of Law

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

37

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Top 13,176

in Total Papers Downloads

7,698

TOTAL CITATIONS

5

Scholarly Papers (37)

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1.

The Struggle for Sex Equality in Sport and the Theory Behind Title IX

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Vol. 34, No. 1&2, 2001, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper
Number of pages: 126 Posted: 08 Nov 2007 Last Revised: 03 Aug 2017
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 1,731 (21,596)

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Education Law, Employment Practices, Sports, Women

2.

Sport and Masculinity: The Promise and Limits of Title IX

MASCULINITIES AND LAW: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH, Frank Rudy Cooper, Ann C. McGinley, eds., New York University Press, 2011, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2011-08
Number of pages: 34 Posted: 14 Mar 2011
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 594 (96,150)

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sport, masculinities, Title IX, gender, hyper-masculinity, gender subordination, hegemonic masculinity, race, class, sexual orientation, multidimensionality

3.

Wrestling with Gender: Constructing Masculinity by Refusing to Wrestle Women

Nevada Law Journal, Vol. 13, 2013, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2013-02
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 26 Jan 2013 Last Revised: 17 Jan 2018
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 554 (104,979)

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Title IX, wrestling, backlash, masculinity, law and social change, sex discrimination, gender equality, female athletes, sex equality, sports

4.

The Failure of Title Vii as a Rights-Claiming System

North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 86, p. 859, 2008, Hofstra Univ. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 07-25, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2007-06
Number of pages: 79 Posted: 30 Aug 2007 Last Revised: 25 Jun 2008
Deborah L. Brake and Joanna L. Grossman
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law and Southern Methodist University - Dedman School of Law
Downloads 385 (161,728)

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discrimination, Title VII, gender, retaliation

5.

The Invisible Pregnant Athlete and the Promise of Title IX

Harvard Journal of Law and Gender, Vol. 31, p. 323, 2008, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2008-32
Number of pages: 45 Posted: 26 Nov 2008
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 343 (183,727)

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pregnancy, athletes, Title IX, feminist legal theory

6.

Fighting the Rape Culture Wars Through the Preponderance of the Evidence Standard

Montana Law Review, Vol. 78, p. 109, 2017, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-14
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 22 May 2017
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 269 (237,352)
Citation 2

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Title IX, sexual assault, campus sexual assault, sexual misconduct, sexual violence, Dear Colleague Letter, preponderance of the evidence, rape culture, rape myths, fair and equitable grievance procedure

7.

Title IX as Pragmatic Feminism

Cleveland State Law Review, Vol. 55, p. 513, 2007, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2008-04
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 15 Feb 2008 Last Revised: 25 May 2008
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 253 (252,602)

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civil rights, women/gender, discrimination law, sports, feminist legal theory

8.

The Heart of the Game: Putting Race and Educational Equity at the Center of Title IX

Virginia Sports & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 7, p. 199, 2008, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2008-20, U of Cincinnati Public Law Research Paper No. 08-19
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 07 Aug 2008 Last Revised: 05 May 2010
Deborah L. Brake and Verna L. Williams
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law and University of Cincinnati - College of Law
Downloads 240 (266,037)

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Title IX, sports, race, gender, discrimination, civil rights, education

9.

Perceiving Subtle Sexism: Mapping the Social-Psychological Forces and Legal Narratives that Obscure Gender Bias

U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper, Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, Vol. 16, 2007
Number of pages: 45 Posted: 23 Jul 2008
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 228 (279,538)

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Title IX, sexual harassment, peer sexual harassment, student harasser, discrimination, school liability, civil rights, gender equity, hostile environment

10.

The New Gender Panic in Sport: Why State Laws Banning Transgender Athletes Are Unconstitutional

ConLawNOW, Vol. 15, p. 33, 2024, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2024-03
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 01 Feb 2024
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 191 (330,143)

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equal protection, constitutional law, transgender rights, LGBTQ, sex equality in sports, Title IX, transgender discrimination, sex discrimination

11.

When Equality Leaves Everyone Worse Off: The Problem of Leveling Down in Equality Law

William and Mary Law Review, Vol. 46, P. 513, 2004, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper
Number of pages: 106 Posted: 25 Jun 2008
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 189 (333,424)
Citation 1

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civil rights, equalization, equity, inequity, bias, prejudice, favoritism

12.

Retaliation

Minnesota Law Review, Vol. 90, P. 18, 2005, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper Series
Number of pages: 88 Posted: 25 Jul 2008
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 174 (359,059)

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civil rights, discrimination, equality, inequality, social practice, international discrimination, retaliation

13.

Unprotected Sex: The Pregnancy Discrimination Act at 35

Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy, Vol. 21, p. 67, 2013, Hofstra Univ. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13-14, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2013-33
Number of pages: 58 Posted: 02 Oct 2013 Last Revised: 20 Mar 2014
Deborah L. Brake and Joanna L. Grossman
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law and Southern Methodist University - Dedman School of Law
Downloads 172 (362,696)

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gender, pregnancy discrimination, disability

14.

Discrimination Inward and Upward: Lessons on Law and Social Inequality from the Troubling Case of Women Coaches

Indiana Journal of Law and Social Equality, Vol. 2, p. 1, 2013, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-09
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 20 Feb 2014
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 167 (372,138)

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discrimination, sex, gender, women coaches, Title IX, inequality, female athletes

15.

Introduction to Oxford Handbook of Feminism and Law in the U.S.

OXFORD HANDBOOK OF FEMINISM AND LAW IN THE U.S. (Deborah L. Brake, Martha Chamallas, & Verna L. Williams, eds) (Oxford University Press, 2022 Forthcoming) , U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2022-03, Ohio State Legal Studies Research Paper No. 675
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 19 Jan 2022 Last Revised: 16 Feb 2022
Deborah L. Brake, Martha Chamallas and Verna L. Williams
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law, Ohio State University (OSU) - Michael E. Moritz College of Law and University of Cincinnati - College of Law
Downloads 157 (392,476)
Citation 1

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Feminism, feminist movement, feminist legal theory, intersectionality, liberal feminism, cultural feminism postmodern feminism, applied feminism, gender and law, law and feminism

16.

Title IX's Trans Panic

U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2023-10, William & Mary Journal of Race, Gender, and Social Justice, Vol. 29, p. 41 (2023)
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 12 Feb 2023 Last Revised: 30 Mar 2023
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 156 (394,616)

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Title IX, athletics, gender equality, LGBTQ, transgender, equal athletic opportunity, sex equality in sports, backlash, trans panic, moral panic

17.

The Shifting Sands of Employment Discrimination: From Unjustified Impact to Disparate Treatment in Pregnancy and Pay

Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 105, p. 559 (2017), U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2016-36
Number of pages: 61 Posted: 14 Dec 2016 Last Revised: 05 Dec 2019
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 156 (394,616)

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Employment Discrimination, Disparate Treatment, Disparate Impact, Pregnancy Discrimination, Pay Discrimination, Equal Pay

18.

The Cruelest of the Gender Police: Student-to-Student Sexual Harassment and Anti-Gay Peer Harassment Under Title IX

Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, Vol. 1, p. 37, 1999, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper
Number of pages: 72 Posted: 08 Jun 2010
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 148 (412,151)

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peer sexual harassment, sexual harassment, anti-gay harassment, sex discrimination law, Title IX, gender equity, gender-role policing, school liability, sex stereotypes, equal protection, anti-gay harassment, Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education

19.

Standards of Proof for Campus Sexual Misconduct Cases

Chapter 7 in Adjudicating Campus Sexual Misconduct and Assault: Controversies and Challenges (Claire M. Renzetti and Diane R. Follingstad, eds.) (2020, Forthcoming), U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2019-28
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 17 Jan 2020
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 133 (448,584)
Citation 1

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Title IX, sexual assault, campus sexual assault, sexual misconduct, sexual violence, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, preponderance of the evidence, rape culture, rape myths, fair and equitable grievance procedure

20.

Coworker Retaliation in the #MeToo Era

University of Baltimore Law Review, Vol. 49, No. 1, 2019, Forthcoming, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2019-13
Number of pages: 60 Posted: 04 Jun 2019
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 114 (505,351)

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Title VII, retaliation, coworkers, #MeToo, peer retaliation

21.

Retaliation in an EEO World

Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 89, p. 115, 2014, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-04
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 24 Jan 2014
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 111 (515,405)

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Retaliation, employment discrimination, workplace discrimination, EEO policies, EEO office, Equal Employment Opportunity, reasonable belief doctrine, internal complaint procedures, internal discrimination policies

22.

Lessons from the Gender Equality Movement: Using Title IX to Foster Inclusive Masculinities in Men's Sport

Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice, 2016, Forthcoming, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2016-13
Number of pages: 39 Posted: 19 Apr 2016
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 108 (525,861)

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Sport, masculinity, LGBT rights, Title IX, sex discrimination, harassment, hazing, sexual assault

23.

On Not 'Having It Both Ways' and Still Losing: Reflections on Fifty Years of Pregnancy Litigation Under Title VII

Boston University Law Review, Vol. 95, p. 995, 2015, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2015-17
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 19 May 2015
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 107 (529,418)

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Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Title VII, employment discrimination, pregnant women, accommodation, light-duty work

24.

What Counts as 'Discrimination' in Ledbetter and the Implications for Sex Equality Law

U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper Series No. 2008-23, South Carolina Law Review, Vol. 59, p. 657, 2008
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 18 Aug 2008 Last Revised: 19 Aug 2008
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 103 (544,367)

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equal protection, discrimination, sex equality, Title VII, Fourteenth Amendment

25.

Reproducing Inequality Under Title IX

43 Harv. J. L. & Gender 171 (2020) , SMU Dedman School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 482, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2020-27
Number of pages: 55 Posted: 15 Sep 2020 Last Revised: 14 Oct 2020
Deborah L. Brake and Joanna L. Grossman
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law and Southern Methodist University - Dedman School of Law
Downloads 102 (548,181)

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Title IX, pregnancy discrimination, educational equality, reproductive rights, abortion rights, law and legislation, women’s rights

26.

The Trouble with 'Bureaucracy'

7 California Law Review Online 66 (2016), U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2016-27
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 22 Sep 2016
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 101 (551,968)

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campus sexual assault, Title IX, Clery Act, higher education, sexual, sex, sexual equality, OCR, Department of Education, universities, sexual violence, sex discrimination

27.

School Liability for Peer Sexual Harassment after Davis: Shifting from Intent to Causation in Discrimination Law

Hastings Women's Law Journal, Vol. 12, p. 5, 2001, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper Series
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 25 Jul 2008
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 97 (567,151)

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Title IX, sexual harassment, peer sexual harassment, student harasser, discrimination, school liability, civil rights, gender equity, hostile environment

28.

Revisiting Title IX's Feminist Legacy: Moving Beyond the Three-Part Test

University of Pittsburgh School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper, American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, Vol. 12, p. 453, 2004
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 21 Jun 2008
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 93 (582,594)

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civil rights, title IX, gender, athletics, sports, women, inequality

29.

Introduction to Amici Curiae Brief in Young V. United Parcel Service, Inc.

Women's Rights Law Reporter, Vol. 36, p. 66, 2015, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2015-18, Hofstra Univ. Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2015-06
Number of pages: 47 Posted: 21 May 2015
Deborah L. Brake and Joanna L. Grossman
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law and Southern Methodist University - Dedman School of Law
Downloads 91 (590,430)

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Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Title VII, employment discrimination, pregnant women, accommodation, light-duty work

30.

Theory Matters—And Ten More Things I Learned from Martha Chamallas About Feminism, Law, and Gender

Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 83, p. 435, 2022, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2022-26
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 22 Jul 2022
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 73 (670,347)

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law and feminism, gender and law, feminist legal theory, feminist jurisprudence, feminist legal scholar, Martha Chamallas

31.

Back to Basics: Excavating the Sex Discrimination Roots of Campus Sexual Assault

Tennessee Journal of Race, Gender & Social Justice, Vol. 6, p. 7, 2017, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-20
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 03 Aug 2017
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 73 (670,347)

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Sexual assault, campus sexual assault, Title IX, Office for Civil Rights, Dear Colleague Letter, sexual harassment, sex discrimination, feminist legal theory, liberal feminism, dominance feminism

32.

Retaliation in the EEO Office

Tulsa Law Review, Vol. 50, p. 1, 2014, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-38
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 28 Sep 2014 Last Revised: 29 Sep 2014
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 67 (701,440)

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retaliation, Title VII, discrimination, EEO compliance, equal employment opportunity, manager rule

33.

Tortifying Retaliation: Protected Activity at the Intersection of Fault, Duty, and Causation

Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 75, p. 1371, 2014, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-43
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 09 Dec 2014
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 63 (723,766)

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retaliation, Title VII, reasonable belief, manager rule, employment discrimination, torts

34.

Sex as a Suspect Class: An Argument for Applying Strict Scrutiny to Gender Discrimination

Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal, Vol. 6, p. 953, 1996, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 21 Feb 2024
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 50 (807,123)

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sex discrimination, suspect class, intermediate scrutiny, strict scrutiny, equal protection, gender discrimination

35.

Gender and the Law: Revisiting the Legacy of a Feminist Icon

Ch. 1 in THE JURISPRUDENTIAL LEGACY OF JUSTICE RUTH BADER GINSBURG (Ryan Vacca & Ann Bartow, eds., NYU Press 2023), U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2024-22
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 23 Jul 2024
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 45 (845,060)

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Justice Ginsburg, jurisprudence, U.S. Supreme Court, justices, legal legacy, sex discrimination, gender equality, equal protection, reproductive rights

36.

Reviving Paycheck Fairness: Why and How the Factor-Other-Than-Sex Defense Matters

Idaho Law Review, Vol. 52, No. 891, 2016, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2017-06
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 26 Apr 2017
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 44 (853,099)

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Equal Pay Act, Pay Discrimination, Gender Wage Gap, Lilly Ledbetter, Pregnancy Discrimination, Disparate Treatment, Disparate Impact, Sex Discrimination

37.

Introduction to a Festschrift Honoring Professor Rhonda Wasserman

University of Pittsburgh Law Review, Vol. 84, p. 347, 2022, U. of Pittsburgh Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2023-38
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 28 Sep 2023
Deborah L. Brake
University of Pittsburgh - School of Law
Downloads 16 (1,150,250)

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class action, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Civil Procedure, and Federal Litigation