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Michael W. Toffel

Harvard Business School

Professor of Business Administration

Boston, MA 02163

United States

  • Harvard Business School

    • Email
    • Tel: 617.384.8043
SCHOLARLY PAPERS

56

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147

Scholarly Papers (56)

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1.

Quality Management and Job Quality: How the ISO 9001 Standard for Quality Management Systems Affects Employees and Employers

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 09-018, Management Science, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 20 Aug 2008 Last Revised: 14 Jun 2014
David I. Levine and Michael W. Toffel
University of California, Berkeley - Economic Analysis & Policy Group and Harvard Business School
Downloads 1,970 (5,066)
Citation 4

Abstract:

ISO 9001, quality management, standards, occupational health and safety, wages, labor, empirical, California

2.

Monitoring Global Supply Chains

Downloads 1,238 ( 12,211)

Monitoring Global Supply Chains

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 14-032, UC Hastings Research Paper No. 84
Number of pages: 49 Posted: 25 Oct 2013 Last Revised: 05 Jun 2015
Jodi L. Short, Michael W. Toffel and Andrea Hugill
University of California Hastings College of the Law, Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School
Downloads 1,143 (13,583)

Abstract:

monitoring, transaction cost economics, industry self-regulation, auditing, codes of conduct, supply chains, corporate social responsibility, globalization

Monitoring the Monitors: How Social Factors Influence Supply Chain Auditors

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 14-032, UC Hastings Research Paper No. 84
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 22 Jul 2014 Last Revised: 26 Sep 2014
Jodi L. Short, Michael W. Toffel and Andrea Hugill
University of California Hastings College of the Law, Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School
Downloads 95 (229,595)

Abstract:

industry self-regulation, auditing, codes of conduct, supply chains, corporate social responsibility, globalization

3.

How Well Do Social Ratings Actually Measure Corporate Social Responsibility?

Downloads 926 ( 19,086)
Citation 30

How Well Do Social Ratings Actually Measure Corporate Social Responsibility?

HBS Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 07-051
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 17 Jun 2007 Last Revised: 19 Feb 2009
Aaron Chatterji, David I. Levine and Michael W. Toffel
Duke University - Fuqua School of Business, University of California, Berkeley - Economic Analysis & Policy Group and Harvard Business School
Downloads 924 (18,775)
Citation 30

Abstract:

environmental management, corporate social responsibility, evaluation, ratings, regulation, compliance, emissions

How Well Do Social Ratings Actually Measure Corporate Social Responsibility?

Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Vol. 18, Issue 1, pp. 125-169, Spring 2009
Number of pages: 45 Posted: 27 Apr 2009
Aaron Chatterji, David I. Levine and Michael W. Toffel
Duke University - Fuqua School of Business, RAND Corporation and Harvard Business School
Downloads 2 (558,393)
Citation 30

Abstract:

4.

Scrutiny, Norms, and Selective Disclosure: A Global Study of Greenwashing

Forthcoming in Organization Science, Harvard Business School Organizational Behavior Unit Working Paper No. 11-115, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 11-115
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 10 May 2011 Last Revised: 27 Nov 2015
Christopher Marquis, Michael W. Toffel and Yanhua Zhou
Cornell University, Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School
Downloads 833 (11,411)

Abstract:

institutional theory, environmental strategy, stakeholders, information disclosure, non-market strategy

5.

Codes in Context: How States, Markets, and Civil Society Shape Adherence to Global Labor Standards

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 13-045, UC Hastings Research Paper No. 79
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 21 Nov 2012 Last Revised: 14 Oct 2014
Michael W. Toffel, Jodi L. Short and Melissa Ouellet
Harvard Business School, University of California Hastings College of the Law and Harvard Business School
Downloads 573 (31,359)
Citation 2

Abstract:

Transnational regulation, Labor standards, Consumer politics, Codes of conduct, Compliance

6.

Signaling without Certification: The Critical Role of Civil Society Scrutiny

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 15-009, Kelley School of Business Research Paper No. 2014-32
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 16 Aug 2014 Last Revised: 14 Jul 2016
Susan A. Kayser, John W. Maxwell and Michael W. Toffel
Erb Institute & Graham Sustainability Institute, University of Michigan, Indiana University - Kelley School of Business - Department of Business Economics & Public Policy and Harvard Business School
Downloads 425 (40,431)

Abstract:

7.

How Firms Respond to Being Rated

HBS Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 08-025
Number of pages: 57 Posted: 03 Oct 2007 Last Revised: 29 Jul 2011
Aaron Chatterji and Michael W. Toffel
Duke University - Fuqua School of Business and Harvard Business School
Downloads 404 (55,514)
Citation 17

Abstract:

information disclosure, environmental performance, corporate social responsibility, industry self-regulation, ratings

8.

Evaluating the Impact of SA 8000 Certification

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 08-097
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 22 May 2008 Last Revised: 09 Jun 2008
Michael J. Hiscox, Claire Schwartz and Michael W. Toffel
Harvard University, Harvard University - Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Harvard Business School
Downloads 358 (55,860)
Citation 1

Abstract:

9.

Engaging Supply Chains in Climate Change

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 12-026
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 14 Oct 2011 Last Revised: 22 Oct 2012
Chonnikarn Fern Jira and Michael W. Toffel
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School
Downloads 347 (61,731)
Citation 3

Abstract:

Econometric Analysis, Empirical Research, Environmental Operations, Sustainable Operations, OM-Organizational Behavior Interface, Supply Chain Management, Risk Management

10.

Responding to Public and Private Politics: Corporate Disclosure of Climate Change Strategies

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 09-019
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 20 Aug 2008 Last Revised: 13 Jul 2009
Erin Marie Reid and Michael W. Toffel
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School
Downloads 342 (49,916)
Citation 17

Abstract:

social movements theory, institutional change theory, private politics, activist shareholder resolutions, climate change, environmental sustainability

11.

Organizational Receptivity to Institutional Pressure: The Adoption of Environmental Management Practices

University of California Center for Responsible Business Working Paper
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 16 Aug 2005
Magali A. Delmas and Michael W. Toffel
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Harvard Business School
Downloads 324 (71,162)
Citation 2

Abstract:

Institutional theory, ISO 14001, voluntary programs, strategy, survey, structural equation model, empirical

12.

How Firms Respond to Mandatory Information Disclosure

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 12-001
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 06 Jul 2011 Last Revised: 28 Jun 2012
Anil R Doshi, Glen Dowell and Michael W. Toffel
University College London - School of Management, Cornell University - Johnson Graduate School of Management and Harvard Business School
Downloads 309 (74,956)
Citation 1

Abstract:

information disclosure, institutional theory, environmental strategy, mandatory disclosure, environmental performance

13.

Self-Regulatory Institutions for Solving Environmental Problems: Perspectives and Contributions from the Management Literature

HBS Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 07-089
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 14 May 2007
Andrew A. King and Michael W. Toffel
Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth and Harvard Business School
Downloads 301 (62,874)
Citation 10

Abstract:

14.

Organizational Responses to Environmental Demands: Opening the Black Box

Strategic Management Journal, Forthcoming, HBS Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 07-022
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 25 Jun 2007 Last Revised: 17 Jun 2014
Magali A. Delmas and Michael W. Toffel
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Harvard Business School
Downloads 256 (91,045)
Citation 27

Abstract:

Institutional theory, Stakeholder influence, Environmental strategy, ISO 14001, Voluntary, Environmental programs, Structural Equation Modeling

15.

Customer-Driven Misconduct: How Competition Corrupts Business Practices

Management Science 59 (8), 1725-1742
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 16 Feb 2012 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2013
Victor Manuel Bennett, Lamar Pierce, Jason Snyder and Michael W. Toffel
Duke University - Fuqua School of Business, Washington University, Saint Louis - John M. Olin School of Business, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Anderson School of Management and Harvard Business School
Downloads 247 (79,836)
Citation 1

Abstract:

16.

The Role of Organizational Scope and Governance in Strengthening Private Monitoring

Forthcoming, Organization Science
Number of pages: 59 Posted: 16 Jul 2010 Last Revised: 15 Oct 2012
Lamar Pierce and Michael W. Toffel
Washington University, Saint Louis - John M. Olin School of Business and Harvard Business School
Downloads 246 (99,536)
Citation 2

Abstract:

Organizational structure, scope, corruption, ethics, auditing, regulation, governance, environmental, pollution, automobile, outsourcing

17.

Managerial Practices that Promote Voice and Taking Charge Among Frontline Workers

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 11-005
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 20 Jul 2010 Last Revised: 15 Sep 2011
Julia Adler-Milstein, Sara J. Singer and Michael W. Toffel
Harvard University - Technology & Operations Management Unit, Harvard School of Public Health and Harvard Business School
Downloads 209 (110,844)

Abstract:

18.

Institutional Pressures and Organizational Characteristics: Implications for Environmental Strategy

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 11-050
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 20 Nov 2010 Last Revised: 15 Dec 2010
Magali A. Delmas and Michael W. Toffel
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Harvard Business School
Downloads 206 (90,680)
Citation 3

Abstract:

19.

Operational Failures and Problem Solving: An Empirical Study of Incident Reporting

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 10-017
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 27 Aug 2009
Julia Adler-Milstein, Sara J. Singer and Michael W. Toffel
Harvard University - Technology & Operations Management Unit, Harvard School of Public Health and Harvard Business School
Downloads 205 (100,830)

Abstract:

20.

Turning Themselves In: Why Companies Disclose Regulatory Violations

University of California Center for Responsible Business Working Paper No. 17
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 16 Aug 2005
Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
University of California Hastings College of the Law and Harvard Business School
Downloads 200 (116,469)
Citation 1

Abstract:

Enforcement, regulations, environmental protection, compliance, voluntary programs, adoption

21.

Government Green Procurement Spillovers: Evidence from Municipal Building Policies in California

Downloads 199 (125,478)
Citation 1

Government Green Procurement Spillovers: Evidence from Municipal Building Policies in California

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 13-030
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 05 Sep 2012 Last Revised: 15 May 2014
Timothy Simcoe and Michael W. Toffel
Boston University - Questrom School of Business and Harvard Business School
Downloads 188 (132,109)
Citation 1

Abstract:

Public procurement, green building, quality certification, environmental policy

Public Procurement and the Private Supply of Green Buildings

NBER Working Paper No. w18385
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 15 Sep 2012
Timothy Simcoe and Michael W. Toffel
Boston University - Questrom School of Business and Harvard Business School
Downloads 11 (508,773)
Citation 1

Abstract:

22.

Resolving Information Asymmetries in Supply Chains: The Role of Certified Management Programs

UC Berkeley, Haas School of Business Working Paper No. 19
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 06 Oct 2005
Michael W. Toffel
Harvard Business School
Downloads 197 (119,763)
Citation 8

Abstract:

information assymetry, auditing, evaluation, voluntary programs, environmental, supply chain, ISO 14001, certified, propensity score matching

23.

Contracting for Servicizing

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 08-063
Number of pages: 32 Posted: 06 Feb 2008
Michael W. Toffel
Harvard Business School
Downloads 195 (89,961)

Abstract:

24.

Environmental Federalism in the European Union and the United States

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 10-085
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 24 Mar 2010 Last Revised: 05 May 2010
David J. Vogel, Michael W. Toffel, Diahanna Post and Nazli Uludere
University of California, Berkeley - Haas School of Business, Harvard Business School, affiliation not provided to SSRN and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 176 (120,312)
Citation 2

Abstract:

25.

Extending Producer Responsibility: An Evaluation Framework for Product Take-Back Policies

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 09-026
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 03 Sep 2008 Last Revised: 04 Sep 2008
Michael W. Toffel, Antoinette Stein and Katharine L. Lee
Harvard Business School, Government of the State of California and Harvard Business School
Downloads 145 (141,984)
Citation 2

Abstract:

26.

Diffusing Management Practices within the Firm: The Role of Information Provision

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 08-085
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 19 Mar 2008 Last Revised: 11 Apr 2008
Michael Lenox and Michael W. Toffel
University of Virginia - Darden School of Business and Harvard Business School
Downloads 118 (189,453)

Abstract:

information provision, knowledge diffusion, environmental management, environmental strategy

27.

The Causes and Consequences of Industry Self-Policing

HBS Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 08-021
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 24 Sep 2007 Last Revised: 11 Jan 2011
Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
University of California Hastings College of the Law and Harvard Business School
Downloads 116 (183,720)

Abstract:

28.

Survey Questionnaire on Corporate Environmental Management Practices

Number of pages: 8 Posted: 04 May 2013
Magali A. Delmas, Dennis J. Aigner and Michael W. Toffel
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), University of California, Santa Barbara - Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management and Harvard Business School
Downloads 99 (151,190)

Abstract:

Environmental Management Practices, Survey questionnaire

29.

Making Self-Regulation More than Merely Symbolic: The Critical Role of the Legal Environment

Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 55, pp. 361-396, 2010, Georgetown Public Law Research Paper No. 11-14
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 19 Jan 2011
Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
University of California Hastings College of the Law and Harvard Business School
Downloads 88 (217,314)
Citation 10

Abstract:

environmental law, administrative law, self-regulation

30.

What Environmental Ratings Miss

Harvard Business School Technology and Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 12-017
Number of pages: 3 Posted: 23 Sep 2011
Auden Schendler and Michael W. Toffel
Aspen Skiing Company, and Harvard Business School
Downloads 40 (349,505)

Abstract:

31.

Assessing the Quality of Quality Assessment: The Role of Scheduling

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 17-090
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 17 Apr 2017
Maria Ibanez and Michael W. Toffel
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School
Downloads 0 (182,623)

Abstract:

Quality, Assessment, Bias, Inspection, Scheduling, Econometric Analysis, Empirical Research, Regulation

32.

Beyond Symbolic Responses to Private Politics: Examining Labor Standards Improvement in Global Supply Chains

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 17-001
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 09 Jul 2016
Andrea Hugill, Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
Harvard Business School, University of California Hastings College of the Law and Harvard Business School
Downloads 0 (211,518)

Abstract:

Monitoring, supply chain, supplier relationship, supply chain management, corporate social responsibility and impact, labor, Working Conditions, sustainability, Sustainability Management, Sustainable Operations, sustainable supply chains, NGO

33.

Can CEO Activism Spark Sustainability Transitions? Evidence from a Field Experiment

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 16-100, Duke I&E Research Paper No. 16-11
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 06 Mar 2016 Last Revised: 26 Jan 2017
Aaron Chatterji and Michael W. Toffel
Duke University - Fuqua School of Business and Harvard Business School
Downloads 0 (20,735)

Abstract:

34.

Enhancing the Practical Relevance of Research

Production and Operations Management, Forthcoming, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Working Paper No. 16-082
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 23 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 07 Mar 2016
Michael W. Toffel
Harvard Business School
Downloads 0 (86,838)

Abstract:

research questions, relevance, rigor, communication, practice-based research

35.

The Integrity of Private Third-Party Compliance Monitoring

Number of pages: 6 Posted: 27 Nov 2015 Last Revised: 11 Dec 2015
Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
University of California Hastings College of the Law and Harvard Business School
Downloads 0 (68,816)

Abstract:

auditing, regulation, compliance, conflicts of interest, policy, inspection, certification, third-party

36.

The Hybrid Vehicle Market

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Case No. 612-084
Posted: 07 May 2012
Michael W. Toffel and Nazli Uludere
Harvard Business School and affiliation not provided to SSRN

Abstract:

37.

The Precautionary Principle

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Case No. 610-043
Posted: 18 Apr 2012 Last Revised: 19 Apr 2012
Michael W. Toffel and Nazli Uludere
Harvard Business School and affiliation not provided to SSRN

Abstract:

38.

Fiji versus FIJI: Negotiating Over Water

Harvard Business School NOM Unit Case No. 912-030
Posted: 05 Apr 2012
Francesca Gino, Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Harvard Business School, Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

39.

The Cage-Free Egg Movement

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Case No. 611-021
Posted: 18 Mar 2012 Last Revised: 19 Mar 2012
Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

40.

InterfaceRAISE: Sustainability Consulting

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Management Unit Case No. 611-069
Posted: 13 Mar 2012
Michael W. Toffel, Robert G. Eccles and Casey Taylor
Harvard Business School, Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

41.

FIJI Water: Carbon Negative?

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Case No. 611-049
Posted: 01 Mar 2012
Francesca Gino, Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Harvard Business School, Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

42.

Carbon Footprints: Methods and Calculations

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Case No. 611-075
Posted: 29 Feb 2012
Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

43.

Trucost: Valuing Corporate Environmental Impacts

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Case No. 612-025
Posted: 04 Feb 2012
Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

44.

Aspen Skiing Company (A)

HBS Case No. 611-002, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit
Posted: 11 Nov 2010
Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

45.

Aspen Skiing Company (D)

HBS Case No. 611-019, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit
Posted: 11 Nov 2010
Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

46.

Aspen Skiing Company (C)

HBS Case No. 611-018, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit
Posted: 11 Nov 2010
Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

47.

Aspen Skiing Company (B)

HBS Case No. 611-003, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit
Posted: 11 Nov 2010
Michael W. Toffel and Stephanie van Sice
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

48.

Genzyme Center (C)

HBS Case No. 610-010, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit
Posted: 04 Nov 2009
Michael W. Toffel and Aldo Sesia
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

49.

Genzyme Center (B)

HBS Case No. 610-009, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit
Posted: 04 Nov 2009
Michael W. Toffel and Aldo Sesia
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

50.

Genzyme Center (A)

HBS Case No. 610-008, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit
Posted: 04 Nov 2009
Michael W. Toffel and Aldo Sesia
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

51.

Cook Composites and Polymers Co.

HBS Case No. 608-055, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit
Posted: 09 Aug 2009
Deishin Lee, Michael W. Toffel and Rachel Gordon
Boston College, Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

52.

Sustainability at Millipore

HBS Case No. 610-012, Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Management Unit
Posted: 05 Aug 2009 Last Revised: 06 Aug 2009
Michael W. Toffel and Katharine L. Lee
Harvard Business School and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

53.

Coming Clean and Cleaning Up: Does Voluntary Self-Reporting Indicate Effective Self-Policing?

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 08-098, CELS 2009 4th Annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies Paper, Georgetown Public Law Research Paper No. 11-15
Posted: 29 Jul 2009 Last Revised: 22 Jan 2011
Michael W. Toffel and Jodi L. Short
Harvard Business School and University of California Hastings College of the Law

Abstract:

54.

Coerced Confessions: Self-Policing in the Shadow of the Regulator

The Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, Vol. 24, Issue 1, pp. 45-71, 2008
Posted: 23 Jun 2008
Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
University of California Hastings College of the Law and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

55.

Coerced Confessions: Self-Policing in the Shadow of the Regulator

Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, August 30, 2007
Posted: 14 Apr 2007
Jodi L. Short and Michael W. Toffel
University of California Hastings College of the Law and Harvard Business School

Abstract:

Enforcement, regulations, environmental protection, compliance, voluntary programs, adoption

56.

Coming Clean and Cleaning Up: Is Voluntary Disclosure a Signal of Effective Self-Policing?

Harvard Business School Technology & Operations Mgt. Unit Research Paper No. 08-098
Number of pages: 38 Posted: 08 Oct 2009 Last Revised: 14 Nov 2012
Michael W. Toffel and Jodi L. Short
Harvard Business School and University of California Hastings College of the Law
Downloads 0
Citation 3

Abstract:

self-policing, self-regulation, voluntary programs, environmental regulation, environmental performance, pollution, audits, signaling

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