University of Southampton, Newcastle University, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection and Global Health, Government of the United Kingdom - Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London - Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Utah - Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Newcastle University, Encephalitis International, King’s College London - Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), University College London, University of Cambridge, University College London, University of Edinburgh, University of Cambridge - Division of Anaesthesiology, King’s College London, University College London, University of Edinburgh, The University of Manchester, University of Oxford, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust - Department of Neurology, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK, Newcastle University and University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection and Global Health

Duke University - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado at Denver - Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital Germans Trias y Pujol (ICO-IJC) - Institut de Recerca de la Sida. IrsiCaixa, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Public Health, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Public Health, University of Florida - Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Duke University - Department of Medicine, Duke University - Department of Medicine, Baylor University - Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein Medical Center - Institute for Heart and Vascular Disease, Baylor University - Baylor Scott & White Health Medical Center - Temple, University of Texas at Dallas - The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Stanford University - Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University - Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Brown University - Infectious Diseases Division, Stanford University - Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, St Joseph’s Hospital - The Division of Infectious Diseases, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology - Broad Institute of MIT Harvard, Harvard University - Massachusetts General Hospital, University of South Florida, University of South Florida, University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky, Baylor University - Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor University - Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Intermountain Medical Center - Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, St Joseph’s Hospital - The Division of Infectious Diseases, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System VA Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System VA Medical Center, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Laiko General Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Government of the United Kingdom - Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, Harvard University - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Vanderbilt University - Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Wake Forest University - Section for Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Immunologic Diseases, University of Zurich - Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati - Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwell Health - Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Gulu Regional Referral Hospital, Makerere University, Makerere University, University of Copenhagen - Department of Clinical Medicine, Emory University, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Uganda Research Unit, Baylor College of Medicine, New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Swedish Medical Center, Velocity Clinical Research, Texas A&M University- Corpus Christi, Baystate Medical Center, Cotton University, Universidad Linda Vista, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, University College London - Institute for Global Health, University of Copenhagen - Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen - Rigshospitalet, Mount Sinai Health System - Icahn School of Medicine, Tetracore, Inc. Rockville, Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Government of the United States of America - Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Inc., Government of the United States of America - Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Government of the United States of America - Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Intermountain Medical Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center - Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Harvard University - Massachusetts General Hospital, Government of the United States of America - Washington DC VA Medical Center, Government of the United States of America - Washington DC VA Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Statistics, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Public Health, University of Minnesota - Minneapolis - School of Public Health, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals - AstraZeneca R&D, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals - AstraZeneca R&D, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals - AstraZeneca R&D, University College London, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Mount Sinai Health System - Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Government of the United States of America - Washington DC VA Medical Center, University of New South Wales (UNSW) - Kirby Institute, Harvard University - Massachusetts General Hospital, University of Minnesota, Government of the United States of America - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and University of Copenhagen - Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections CHIP

King’s College London - Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection and Global Health, Newcastle University, Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, King’s College London - Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences and King’s College London

University of Southampton, University of Southampton, University of Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust - Aintree University Hospital, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool - Liverpool Clinical Trials Centre, University of Southampton - University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester, King’s College London - Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Government of the United Kingdom - Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, Encephalitis International, University of Liverpool, University College London, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge - Division of Anaesthesiology, University of Southampton, University of Southampton, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection and Global Health, Newcastle University, King’s College London - Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), UCL Institute of Neurology - Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University College London - MRC Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, NHS Foundation Trust - Poole, North Middlesex University Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust - Department of Neuroradiology, Southmead Hospital - Department of Neurology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust - Wessex Neurological Centre - Department of Neurology, University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, University College London, University of Oxford, University College London, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust - Department of Neurology, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection and Global Health and Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK

University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Great Ormond Street - Department of Paediatric Neurology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust - Evelina London Children's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Government of the United Kingdom - Barts Health NHS Trust, Oxford Children’s Hospital - Paediatric Neurology Department, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust - Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Leeds Community Healthcare Trust - Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Newcastle University, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Southampton - Southampton Children’s Hospital, University of Southampton - Southampton Children’s Hospital, Oxford Children’s Hospital - Paediatric Neurology Department, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Royal Hospital for Children, Royal Hospital for Children, Birmingham Children’s Hospital - Department of Neurology, Birmingham Children's Hospital - Department of Neurology, University of Newcastle - Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, University Hospital London - Paediatrics Department, Government of the United Kingdom - Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital - Department of Neurology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital - Department of Neurology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital - Department of Neurology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, King’s College London - Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street Hospital - Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Southampton - University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK, Newcastle University, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust - Children's Neuroscience Centre, Great Ormond Street - Department of Paediatric Neurology, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences and Independent

Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK, University of Southampton, Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK, University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Statistics, Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, UK, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection and Global Health, Newcastle University and Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK

Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK, Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK, University of Southampton, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Statistics, Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Southampton, UK, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University of Liverpool - Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Newcastle University and Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK

affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Moi University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Moi University, University of KwaZulu-Natal, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Department of Global Health and Development, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of York, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London - MRC Clinical Trials Unit and Baylor University - Children's Foundation Uganda