University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health Policy and Systems, University of Oxford - Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, Public Health England - Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Unit, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - Liverpool Clinical Trials Centre, University of Birmingham - Institute of Microbiology & Infection, Queen Mary University of London - Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Liverpool - Liverpool Clinical Trials Centre, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Liverpool - Women’s and Children’s Health, Swansea University - Health Data Research UK, University of Oxford - Centre for Tropical Medicine and International Health, University of Birmingham - Institute of Microbiology & Infection, University of Glasgow - Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, Swansea University - Population Data Science, Public Health Scotland, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Oxford - ISARIC Global Support Centre, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Nottingham - School of Medicine, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Oxford - Centre for Tropical Medicine and International Health, University of Leicester - Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, Lancaster University - Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, University of Edinburgh - Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Glasgow - Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute, University of Liverpool - Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Edinburgh - Department of Child Life and Health, University of Liverpool - Department of Public Health Policy and Systems, Public Health Wales - Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute, University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection and Independent

Imperial College London - Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Public Health England - Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Unit, Imperial College London, Imperial College London - London BiofoundryImperial College London - Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Public Health England Colindale, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Imperial College London, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health England, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health England Colindale, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health England, Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, Imperial College London - Section of Virology, Imperial College London - London Biofoundry, Imperial College London - Section of Virology, The University of Manchester - Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health England - Virus Reference Department, Imperial College London - MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and Imperial College London

University of Edinburgh - Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC), University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - ISARIC Global Support Centre, University of Liverpool - Liverpool Clinical Trials Centre, Public Health England - Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Unit, University of Nottingham - Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Glasgow - Medical Research Council (MRC) and Independent