Imperial College London - Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Worldwide Influenza Centre, Francis Crick Institute, Worldwide Influenza Centre, Francis Crick Institute, The Wellington Hospital, The Wellington Hospital, The Wellington Hospital, Blood Borne Virus Unit, National Infection Service, Colindale Public Health England, Blood Borne Virus Unit, National Infection Service, Colindale Public Health England, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Imperial College London - Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, King’s College London, Department of Virology, King’s College Hospital, Imperial College London - Department of Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Imperial College London - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), Department of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Independent, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London and Imperial College London - Section of Virology

Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Groningen - Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen - Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Utrecht University - Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K. - Infectious Diseases Translational Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K. - Infectious Diseases Translational Biomarkers, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) - Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) - Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Groningen - Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Utrecht University - Department of Pediatrics, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Groningen - Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) and affiliation not provided to SSRN

University of Edinburgh - Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC), University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - ISARIC Global Support Centre, University of Liverpool - Liverpool Clinical Trials Centre, Public Health England - Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Unit, University of Nottingham - Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Glasgow - Medical Research Council (MRC) and Independent

University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Liverpool, University of Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, King Fahad Medical City and University of Liverpool

University of Liverpool - National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in 31 Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), University of St. Andrews - Division of Infection and Global Health, HIV i-Base, Mortimer Market Centre, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh - Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) - Health Protection Research Unit in Blood Borne and Sexually Transmitted Infections, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections and Independent

University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, St. George’s University of London - Institute of Infection & Immunity, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, St. George's University - Intensive Care Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, St. George's University - General Intensive Care, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Medicine, St George's, University of London, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Kent - Viral Pseudotype Unit, Meso-­‐Scale Diagnostics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust - Intensive Care Medicine, Independent, Independent, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford - The Jenner Institute, University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Independent, Tel Aviv University, Leidos Inc., University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Department of Zoology, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, St. George’s University of London - Institute of Infection & Immunity, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Department of Zoology and University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research