University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, and Senior Scholar, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Anaesthesia, Cardiothoracic Anaesthetist and Intensivist, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical School, University of Cape Town (UCT) - University of Cape Town Lung InstituteUniversity of Cape Town (UCT) - Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Health, Ethiopia, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Department of Statistical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Debre Berhan University College of Medicine Department of Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthesiology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical Centre, Department of Critical Care, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, School of Clinical Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Ministry of Health, Ethiopia, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Safe Surgery South Africa, NPC, Anaesthesiology & Critical Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal and Independent

University of KwaZulu-Natal - Discipline of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan - Department of Anaesthesia, Busitema University, Makerere University - Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Makerere University - Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Cadi Ayyad University - University Hospital Center Mohamed VI, Debre Berhan University, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health (Ethiopia), University of Monastir - University Hospital of Monastir, National Ribat University, National Ribat University, National Hospital of Niamey - Intensive Care and Emergency, Princess Marie Louise Children’s hospital, Université de Ouagadougou - Centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Windhoek Central Hospital, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) - Cheikh Anta Diop University, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The Gambia, Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Gabriel Touré University Hospital in Bamako, University of Mali, Operation Smile, Madagascar, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Madagascar, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Madagascar, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Madagascar, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Ministry of Health Somalia, University of Yaounde I - Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Donka University - Donka University Hospital, Edna Adan University Hospital, Edna Adan University Hospital, Amoud University, Bindura University of Science Education, Marien Ngouabi University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Addis Ababa University - School of Medicine, University of Seychelles, University of Sierra Leone - Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Surgery, Nutrition, Research and Development Manager, Safe Surgery South Africa, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Statistical Sciences, Department of Anaesthesiology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Queen Mary University of London - Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group and University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine

Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan - Department of Anaesthesia, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Busitema University, Makerere University - Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Berhan University, Ministry of Health (Ethiopia), Aksum University - Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa University - Black Lion Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Ministry of Health and Social Services, University of Namibia, University of Monastir - University Hospital of Monastir, Université de Ouagadougou - Centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The Gambia, University of The Gambia, Ministry of Health Somalia, Amoud University, University of Hargeisa, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Ministry of Health, Lesotho, National Ribat University, National Ribat University, University of Botswana, Marien Ngouabi University, Marien Ngouabi University, Cadi Ayyad University - University Hospital Center Mohamed VI, University Hospital of Mohammed VI, Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM) - Maputo Central Hospital, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura University of Science Education, Busitema University, Walter Sisulu University, Department of Anaesthesiology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), Nutrition, Research and Development Manager, Safe Surgery South Africa, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Statistical Sciences, Uppsala University, Queen Mary University of London - Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine and Independent

University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Division of Pediatric Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, National Hospital Abuja, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Division of Pediatric Surgery, Aga Khan University, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Khartoum, University of Chittagong, University of Chittagong, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Division of Pediatric Surgery, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Division of Pediatric Surgery, Harvard University, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) - Institute for Global Health Sciences and University of California, San Diego (UCSD) - Division of Pediatric Surgery

University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), School of Clinical Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan - Department of Anaesthesia, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Busitema University, Makerere University - Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Debre Berhan University, Ministry of Health (Ethiopia), Aksum University - Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa University - Black Lion Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Ministry of Health and Social Services, University of Namibia, University of Monastir - University Hospital of Monastir, Université de Ouagadougou - Centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The Gambia, University of The Gambia, Ministry of Health Somalia, Amoud University, University of Hargeisa, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Ministry of Health, Lesotho, National Ribat University, National Ribat University, University of Botswana, Marien Ngouabi University, Marien Ngouabi University, Cadi Ayyad University - University Hospital Center Mohamed VI, University Hospital of Mohammed VI, Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM) - Maputo Central Hospital, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura University of Science Education, Busitema University, Walter Sisulu University, Department of Anaesthesiology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, University of Cape Town (UCT), Recep Tayyip Erdogan Training and Research Hospital, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, University of Ibadan, Beit-CURE International Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Nairobi, University of the Witwatersrand, University of Zimbabwe, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, Stellenbosch University, University of KwaZulu-Natal, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Ilorin, University of Cape Town (UCT), Nutrition, Research and Development Manager, Safe Surgery South Africa, University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT), University of Cape Town (UCT) - Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Uppsala University, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Queen Mary University of London - Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group and University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine