University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, and Senior Scholar, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Division of Critical Care, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Anaesthesia, Cardiothoracic Anaesthetist and Intensivist, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical School, University of Cape Town (UCT) - University of Cape Town Lung InstituteUniversity of Cape Town (UCT) - Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Ministry of Health, Ethiopia, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Department of Statistical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Debre Berhan University College of Medicine Department of Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthesiology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care and Pulmonology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital and University of Ghana Medical Centre, Department of Critical Care, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, School of Clinical Medicine. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Ministry of Health, Ethiopia, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Safe Surgery South Africa, NPC, Anaesthesiology & Critical Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal and Independent

University of KwaZulu-Natal - Discipline of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan - Department of Anaesthesia, Busitema University, Makerere University - Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Makerere University - Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, University of Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, Cadi Ayyad University - University Hospital Center Mohamed VI, Debre Berhan University, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Ministry of Health (Ethiopia), University of Monastir - University Hospital of Monastir, National Ribat University, National Ribat University, National Hospital of Niamey - Intensive Care and Emergency, Princess Marie Louise Children’s hospital, Université de Ouagadougou - Centre hospitalier universitaire pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle, Windhoek Central Hospital, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) - Cheikh Anta Diop University, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, The Gambia, Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Université de Kinshasa - Kinshasa University Hospital, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Gabriel Touré University Hospital in Bamako, University of Mali, Operation Smile, Madagascar, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Madagascar, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Madagascar, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Madagascar, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Ministry of Health Somalia, University of Yaounde I - Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Donka University - Donka University Hospital, Edna Adan University Hospital, Edna Adan University Hospital, Amoud University, Bindura University of Science Education, Marien Ngouabi University, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Addis Ababa University - School of Medicine, University of Seychelles, University of Sierra Leone - Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Surgery, Nutrition, Research and Development Manager, Safe Surgery South Africa, University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Statistical Sciences, Department of Anaesthesiology, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Queen Mary University of London - Critical Care and Perioperative Medicine Research Group and University of Cape Town (UCT) - Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine