Harvard University - Department of Global Health and Population, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Stellenbosch University - Division of Pulmonology, University of Melbourne - St Vincent’s Hospital, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Stellenbosch University, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Stanford University - Department of Medicine, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Leiden University - Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Aurum Institute, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and Yale University - Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases

Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Xuzhou Medical University, Wuhan University - Department of Preventive Medicine, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention - Non-Communicable Disease Center, School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Shandong University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases - National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases - National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - NCDs Preventive Department, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Hangzhou Normal University, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan University of Science and Technology - Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Capital Medical University - Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Government of the People's Republic of China - China-Japan Friendship Hospital, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Keio University - Department of Health Policy and Management, Stanford University - Department of Medicine, affiliation not provided to SSRN and University of Washington - The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

Center for Research and Teaching in Economics (CIDE) - Division of Public Administration, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE), Center for Research and Teaching in Economics (CIDE), Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE) - Division of Economics, Stanford University - Department of Medicine, Stanford University - Department of Management Science & Engineering, Stanford University - Department of Medicine, Stanford Law School, Stanford University - Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Stanford University - Department of Medicine