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Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Public Health England Colindale, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health England Colindale, Public Health England Colindale, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Public Health England Colindale, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Mahidol University - Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit and Independent

University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, St. George’s University of London - Institute of Infection & Immunity, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, St. George's University - Intensive Care Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College, London, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, St. George's University - General Intensive Care, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Medicine, St George's, University of London, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Kent - Viral Pseudotype Unit, Meso-­‐Scale Diagnostics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust - Intensive Care Medicine, Independent, Independent, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford - The Jenner Institute, University of Edinburgh - Roslin Institute, University of Liverpool - Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Imperial College London - National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Independent, Tel Aviv University, Leidos Inc., University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Mahidol University - Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, University of Oxford - Department of Zoology, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, St. George’s University of London - Institute of Infection & Immunity, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Department of Zoology and University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research

University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, Diamond Light Source Ltd - Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis - Department of Medicine, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis - Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis - Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine - Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis - Department of Medicine, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Department of Zoology, University of Oxford - MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford - Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford - Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Public Health England - National Infection Service, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), Worthing Hospital, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Kent - Viral Pseudotype Unit, Diamond Light Source - Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source - Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source - Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source - Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source - Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source - Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source - Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source - Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source - Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, University of Oxford - MRC Human Immunology Unit, Chang Gung University - Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), Washington University School of Medicine - Department of Medicine, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science - Department of Biomolecular Sciences and University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI)

Weizmann Institute of Science - Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Diamond Light Source Ltd - Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science - Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science - Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Kent - Viral Pseudotype Unit, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford - Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), Weizmann Institute of Science - Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Weizmann Institute of Science - Department of Biomolecular Sciences

University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Cambridge - Department of Pathology, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Cambridge - Department of Pathology, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford - MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford - MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford - MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford - MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford - MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Cambridge - Department of Pathology, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI) and University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI)

University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Oxford - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, NHS Foundation Trust - Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (LUH), Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Dept Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Dept of Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Cambridge - MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge - MRC Toxicology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Cambridge - MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Public Health England Colindale, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Mahidol University - Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection and Independent