University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Harborne Medical Practice, Public Health England, Public Health England - Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England - National Infection Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy

University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Quinton and Harborne PCN, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Deparment of Buisness Energy and Industrial Strategy - Vaccine Taskforce, Public Health England, Public Health England - Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Government of the United Kingdom - National Infection Service, Government of the United Kingdom - National Infection Service, Government of the United Kingdom - National Infection Service, Government of the United Kingdom - National Infection Service, Government of the United Kingdom - National Infection Service, Public Health England, UK Health Security Agency - Rare & Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Government of the United Kingdom - National Infection Service, Government of the United Kingdom - National Infection Service, Public Health England - National Infection Service, Oxford Immunotec LTD, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy

University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Applied Health Research, UK Health Security Agency - Rare & Imported Pathogens Laboratory, University of Birmingham - Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham - Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust - St. James’s University Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham - Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham - Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy

University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, University of Glasgow, University of Glasgow - Centre for Virus Research (CVR), University of Glasgow, University of Glasgow - Centre for Virus Research (CVR), University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK Health Security Agency - Rare & Imported Pathogens Laboratory, University of Birmingham - Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham - Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Government of the United Kingdom - Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust - Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Herefordshire and Worcestershire Health and Care NHS Trust, Government of the United Kingdom - University Hospitals Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham - Birmingham Heartlands Hospital and University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy

Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Public Health England Colindale, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health England Colindale, Public Health England Colindale, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Public Health England Colindale, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Mahidol University - Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit and Independent

University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Binding Site Group Ltd., University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, Birmingham Local Dental Committee, Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust, Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust, Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust, Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust, Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust, Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust and Birmingham Community Healthcare Trust

Queen Mary University of London - Blizard Institute, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, Queen Mary University of London - Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London - Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London - Centre for Immunobiology, Queen Mary University of London, Jane Symons Media, Swansea University - Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University - Population Data Science, Queen Mary University of London - Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Queen's University Belfast, University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute, Queen Mary University of London - Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Queen Mary University of London - Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry

Queen Mary University of London - Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, Queen Mary University of London - Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London - Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London - Centre for Immunobiology, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Queen Mary University of London, Jane Symons Media, Swansea University - Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University - Population Data Science, Queen Mary University of London - Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Queen's University Belfast, University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Queen Mary University of London - Institute of Population Health Sciences and Queen Mary University of London - Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry

Queen Mary University of London - Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Queen Mary University of London - Institute of Population Health Sciences, Imperial College London - MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London - MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Queen Mary University of London - Centre for Immunobiology, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Queen Mary University of London - Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London - Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute, Imperial College London - MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health and Queen Mary University of London - Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research

University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences

University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Birmingham - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Oxford - Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, NHS Foundation Trust - Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (LUH), Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Dept Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Dept of Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Birmingham - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Cambridge - MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge - MRC Toxicology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute Immunity and Inflammation Theme, University of Oxford - Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford - Centre for Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Cambridge - MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Oxford - Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford - Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Public Health England Colindale, Newcastle University - Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Birmingham - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Oxford - Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Sheffield - Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Mahidol University - Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, University of Liverpool - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infection and Independent