University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute, Swansea University - National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research, Swansea University - National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Bennett Institute of Applied Data Science, University of Oxford - Bennett Institute of Applied Data Science, University of Oxford - Bennett Institute of Applied Data Science, University of Oxford - Bennett Institute of Applied Data Science, University of Oxford - Bennett Institute of Applied Data Science, University of Oxford, University of Oxford - Bennett Institute of Applied Data Science, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Government of the United Kingdom - Public Health Scotland, University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Bristol, Swansea University, University of Edinburgh - Usher Institute and University of Glasgow - Institute of Health and Wellbeing

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