affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, University of Arkansas, Howard University, North Carolina State University, West Virginia University, Arizona State University (ASU) - School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Virginia Tech - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and affiliation not provided to SSRN