University of Copenhagen, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Queen's University Belfast - Centre for Public Health, Colorado State University, University College London - Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's University Belfast, Queen's University Belfast - Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Options Ltd, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Southern California - Center for Economic and Social Research (CESR), University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Epidemiology and University College London - Department of Epidemiology and Public Health