A. Michael Froomkin

University of Miami - School of Law

Professor of Law

P.O. Box 248087

Coral Gables, FL 33146

United States

Yale University - Yale Information Society Project

127 Wall Street

New Haven, CT 06511

United States

  • University of Miami - School of Law

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    • Tel: 305-284-4285
    • Fax: 305-284-6506

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SCHOLARLY PAPERS

63

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22,282

TOTAL CITATIONS
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Top 15,497

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78

Scholarly Papers (63)

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1.

Self-Defense Against Robots and Drones

Connecticut Law Review, Vol. 48, No. 1, 2015, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 15-13
Number of pages: 70 Posted: 03 Oct 2014 Last Revised: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin and Zak Colangelo
University of Miami - School of Law and Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith LLP
Downloads 2,001 (17,196)
Citation 6

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robots, torts, privacy, drones, self-help, notice

2.

When AIs Outperform Doctors: Confronting the Challenges of a Tort-Induced Over-Reliance on Machine Learning

61 Ariz. L. Rev. 33 (2019), University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 18-3
Number of pages: 67 Posted: 13 Feb 2018 Last Revised: 06 Mar 2019
A. Michael Froomkin, Ian R. Kerr and Joelle Pineau
University of Miami - School of Law, University of Ottawa - Common Law Section and McGill University
Downloads 1,963 (17,753)
Citation 15

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AI, Tort Law, Machine Learning, AI Policy, Medicine, Medical Malpractice Law, Health Law, Health Policy, Medical Legal Studies, Diagnosis, Neural Networks, Doctors

3.

On the Future of Internet Governance

American Society of International Law, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting. Vol. 101
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 25 Jun 2007
Tim Wu, Esther Dyson, A. Michael Froomkin and David A Gross
Columbia University - Law School, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Miami - School of Law and affiliation not provided to SSRN
Downloads 1,796 (20,436)
Citation 1

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internet, naming, governance, ICANN, DNS

4.

Habermas@Discourse.Net: Toward a Critical Theory of Cyberspace

Number of pages: 125 Posted: 16 Jan 2003
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 1,606 (24,215)
Citation 10

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5.

Almost Free: An Analysis of ICANN's ‘Affirmation of Commitments’

Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law, Vol. 9, 2011, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2011-01
Number of pages: 48 Posted: 21 Jan 2011 Last Revised: 24 Dec 2013
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 961 (51,174)

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ICANN, Internet, DNS, cyberwar, gTLD

6.

Big Data: Destroyer of Informed Consent

Yake Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics, Forthcoming, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper Forthcoming
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 23 Jun 2019 Last Revised: 05 Nov 2019
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 868 (58,854)
Citation 1

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Privacy, Data Retention, Common Rule, Big Data, Machine Learning, De-identification, Personal Health Information

7.

Lessons Learned Too Well: Anonymity in a Time of Surveillance

Arizona Law Review, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 64 Posted: 24 Sep 2011 Last Revised: 20 Nov 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 849 (60,640)
Citation 3

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Anonymity, Surveillance, Privacy, Free Speech, Internet

8.

Anonymity and the Law in the United States

LESSONS FROM THE IDENTITY TRAIL: ANONYMITY, PRIVACY AND IDENTITY IN A NETWORKED SOCIETY, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2008-42
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 01 Dec 2008
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 803 (65,415)

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Anonymity, Privacy, Identity, Constitutional Law, Freedom of Speech, privacy enhancing technology

9.

Introduction: Robot Law

Robot Law, Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin & Ian Kerr, eds., 2016, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 04 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 759 (70,456)

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robot law, drones, robots, artificial intelligence, robotics

10.

From Anonymity to Identification

1 J. Reg. & Self-Reg. 121 (2015)
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 679 (81,274)

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anonymity, surveillance, cryptography, online anonymity, anonymous communication, Internet, law, anonymous speech

11.

Regulating Mass Surveillance as Privacy Pollution: Learning from Environmental Impact Statements

2015 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1713 (2015)
Number of pages: 78 Posted: 25 Feb 2014 Last Revised: 15 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 678 (81,433)
Citation 12

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Privacy, surveillance, notice, NEPA, First Amendment

12.

Identity Cards and Identity Romanticism

LESSONS FROM THE IDENTITY TRAIL: ANONYMITY, PRIVACY AND IDENTITY IN A NETWORKED SOCIETY, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2008-41
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 01 Dec 2008 Last Revised: 04 Dec 2008
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 628 (89,886)

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Anonymity, Privacy, Identity, Free Speech

13.

Icann and Antitrust

University of Illinois Law Review, Vol. 1, 2003, UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 73
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 28 Nov 2001
A. Michael Froomkin and Mark A. Lemley
University of Miami - School of Law and Stanford Law School
Downloads 625 (90,401)
Citation 7

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14.

The Internet as a Source of Regulatory Arbitrage

Borders in Cyberspace (Brian Kahin & Charles Nesson, eds.) (1997)
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 20 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 615 (92,241)
Citation 2

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Internet governance, cyberlaw, regulation, administrative law, arbitrage, regulatory arbitrage

15.

The Death of Privacy?

52 Stan. L. Rev. 1461 (2000)
Number of pages: 84 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 569 (101,896)
Citation 3

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privacy, surveillance, biometrics, First Amendment, cyberlaw

16.

Saving Democracy from the Senate

2024 Utah Law Review 397 (2024)
Number of pages: 79 Posted: 05 Mar 2021 Last Revised: 24 Feb 2024
David Froomkin and A. Michael Froomkin
University of Houston Law Center and University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 484 (124,217)

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Senate, democracy, representation, constitutional amendments, Entrenchment Clause, statehood

17.

Wrong Turn in Cyberspace: Using Icann to Route Around the Apa and the Constitution

Number of pages: 168 Posted: 29 Dec 2000
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 479 (125,795)
Citation 6

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18.

Anonymity and its Enmities

1 Journal of Online Law art. 4 (1995)
Number of pages: 15 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 465 (130,313)

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anonymity, encryption, cryptography, political speech, Internet law, cyberlaw

19.

Virtual Worlds, Real Rules

New York Law School Law Review, Vol. 49, 2004, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2008-22, TPRC 2003
Number of pages: 45 Posted: 05 May 2008 Last Revised: 16 May 2012
Caroline M. Bradley and A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law and University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 363 (173,175)

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20.

Building the Bottom Up from the Top Down

5 I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society 141 (2009), University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2009-02
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 07 Feb 2009 Last Revised: 05 Apr 2022
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 280 (228,515)

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21.

Privacy as Safety

Washington Law Review, Forthcoming, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper Forthcoming
Number of pages: 65 Posted: 07 Apr 2020
A. Michael Froomkin and Zak Colangelo
University of Miami - School of Law and Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith LLP
Downloads 276 (231,896)

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Privacy, Safety, Smart Cities, Data Protection

22.

Government Data Breaches

Berkley Technology Law Journal, Forthcoming, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2009-20
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 15 Aug 2009 Last Revised: 26 Aug 2011
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 275 (232,725)
Citation 1

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23.

The Metaphor is the Key: Cryptography, the Clipper Chip and the Constitution

143 U. Penn. L. Rev. 709 (1995)
Number of pages: 190 Posted: 21 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 257 (249,294)

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cryptography, clipper chip, cyberlaw, Internet law, DES, EES, privacy law

24.

The Virtual Law School, 2.0

University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 3728114, __ J. Leg. Educ. __ (2022, Forthcoming)
Number of pages: 60 Posted: 11 Nov 2020 Last Revised: 15 Aug 2022
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 248 (258,418)

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legal education, distance learning, COVID, de-skilling, law professors, law schools

25.

Technologies for Democracy

Democracy Online: The Prospects for Political Renewal Through the Internet (Peter Shane, ed. 2004)
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 13 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 247 (259,445)

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democracy online, Internet law, cyberlaw, blog, blogging, community filtering, Habermas, Froomkin

26.

Safety as Privacy

University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 4021420, Arizona Law Review, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 67 Posted: 01 Feb 2022 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2022
A. Michael Froomkin, Phillip J. Arencibia and Zak Colangelo
University of Miami - School of Law, Duane Morris LLP and Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith LLP
Downloads 242 (264,711)

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Privacy, Regulation, IoT, drones, FAA, FTC, FDA, CPSC, FDA, NHTSAA

27.

Speculative Microeconomics for Tomorrow's Economy

Internet Publishing and Beyond: The Economics of Digital Information and Intellectual Property 6 (Brian Kahin & Hal Varian eds., 2000)
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 20 Jan 2016
J. Bradford DeLong and A. Michael Froomkin
University of California, Berkeley and University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 205 (310,291)

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microeconomics, Internet economics, digital economy, data economy

28.

'Pets Must Be on a Leash': How U.S. Law (and Industry Practice) Often Undermines and Even Forbids Valuable Privacy Enhancing Technology

Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 74, No. 6, 2013, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-2
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 04 Nov 2013
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 204 (311,774)
Citation 1

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surveillance, privacy, law, NSA, Internet, cyberlaw

29.

ICANN's 'Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy' – Causes and (Partial) Cures

Brooklyn Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 605, 2002
Number of pages: 114 Posted: 03 Feb 2016 Last Revised: 11 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 190 (332,855)
Citation 3

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ICANN, Internet law, Internet governance, UDRP, DNS, domain names, IP law, intellectual property

30.

Beating Microsoft at its Own Game (Reviewing Charles Ferguson, High Stakes, No Prisoners (1999))

Harv. Bus. Rev. Jan-Feb. 2000, at 159
Number of pages: 13 Posted: 20 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 04 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin and J. Bradford DeLong
University of Miami - School of Law and University of California, Berkeley
Downloads 183 (344,493)

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charles ferguson, high stakes, no prisoners, microsoft, book review

31.

Building Privacy into the Infrastructure: Towards a New Identity Management Architecture

University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 16-26
Number of pages: 52 Posted: 25 May 2016 Last Revised: 30 May 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 181 (347,928)

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Privacy, Identity, Identity Escrow, Certificate Authorities, First Amendment

32.

Reinventing the Government Corporation

University of Illinois Law Review, p. 543, 1995
Number of pages: 92 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 166 (375,302)
Citation 1

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government corporations, Gore, federal government corporations, administrative law, Froomkin

33.

ICANN 2.0: Meet the New Boss

Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 36, p. 1087, 2003
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 23 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 132 (452,789)
Citation 1

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ICANN, Internet law, cyberlaw, Internet governance, DNS, domain names

34.

Internet Governance: The ICANN Experiment (Or, Three Paradoxes in Search of a Paradigm)

La Libertad de Información: Gobierno y Arquitectura de Internet 12 (Loreto Corredoira y Alfonso ed., 2001).
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 20 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 129 (461,145)

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Internet governance, ICANN, Internet law, cyberlaw, domain name system, DNS

35.

A Critique of WIPO's RFC3

Number of pages: 58 Posted: 16 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 20 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 125 (472,586)

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WIPO, Internet law, Internet governance, domain names, DNS, international law

36.

Pseudonyms By Another Name: Identity Management in a Time of Surveillance

Privacy in the Modern Age: The Search for Solutions (Mark Rotenburg, Julia Horwitz, Jeramie Scott, eds. 2015), University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 16-19
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 24 Mar 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 113 (510,411)

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37.

The Uneasy Case for National ID Cards as a Means to Enhance Privacy

Securing Privacy in the Internet Age (A. Chander, L. Gelman, M.J. Radin, eds 2008)
Number of pages: 28 Posted: 23 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 111 (517,222)

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national identification cards, national ID cards, privacy law, personal privacy

38.

Note, In Defense of Administrative Agency Autonomy

Yale Law Journal, Vol. 96, 1987
Number of pages: 28 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 107 (531,329)
Citation 1

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separation of powers, Humphrey's Executor, constitutional law, administrative law, executive power, legislative power, executive action

39.

International and National Regulation of the Internet

The Round Table Expert Group on Telecommunications Laws: Conference Papers (E.J. Dommering & N.A.N.M. van Eijk (eds.) (2005)).
Number of pages: 28 Posted: 21 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 103 (546,313)

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ICANN, DNS, domain names, Internet governance, cyberlaw

40.

A Commentary on WIPO's 'The Management of Internet Names and Addresses: Intellectual Property Issues'

Number of pages: 30 Posted: 16 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 101 (553,924)
Citation 1

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domain names, DNS, WIPO, cyberlaw

41.

Hard to Believe: The High Cost of a Biometric Identity Card

Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Law & Social Policy at University of California, Berkeley School of Law Research Brief, Feb. 2012, Wayne State University Law School Research Paper No. 2016-02
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 16 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 07 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin and Jonathan Weinberg
University of Miami - School of Law and Wayne State University Law School
Downloads 91 (592,541)

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biometric, privacy, anonymity, surveillance, IRCA, BELIEVE

42.

Anonymity in the Balance

Digital Anonymity: Tensions and Dimensions (C. Nicoll et al. eds., 2003)
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 21 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 89 (600,611)

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anonymity, cyberlaw, Internet law, free speech, anonymous speech, pseudonymity

43.

Climbing the Most Dangerous Branch: Legisprudence and the New Legal Process

Texas Law Review, Vol. 66, 1988
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 21 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 04 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 88 (604,815)
Citation 1

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book review, eskridge, frisky, legislation, law and policy

44.

A Dispatch from the Crypto Wars (Review of Matt Curtin, Brute Force: Cracking The Data Encryption Standard (2005))

2 I/S: J. of L. & Pol. for the Info. Soc'y 345 (2006)
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 88 (604,815)

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cryptography, crypto wars, cyberlaw

45.

The Imperial Presidency's New Vestments

Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 88, p. 1346, 1994
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 16 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 20 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 83 (626,136)
Citation 1

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presidency, constitutional law, Rhodes, Calabrese, structural analysis, Constitution, Scalia, executive power

46.

It Came from Planet Clipper: The Battle Over Cryptographic Key 'Escrow'

1996 U. Chi. L. Forum 15 (The Law of Cyberspace Symposium volume).
Number of pages: 62 Posted: 21 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 81 (634,932)

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cryptography, clipper chip, cyberlaw, cryptographic key escrow

47.

The Constitution and Encryption Regulation: Do We Need a 'New Privacy'?

3 N.Y.U. J. Legis & Pub. Pol. 25 (1999-2000).
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 21 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 80 (639,487)

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encryption, encryption law, encryption regulation, constitutional law

48.

The Plural of Anecdote Is 'Blog'

Washington University Law Review, Vol. 84, p. 1149, 2007
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 69 (693,164)

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blog, blogs, Jotwell, legal blogs, blogging, Froomkin

49.

Form and Substance in Cyberspace

6 J. Small & Emerging Bus. L. 93 (2002)
Number of pages: 32 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 66 (709,303)
Citation 1

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ICANN, domain name, DNS, APA, nondelegation doctrine, Carter Coal, cyberlaw

50.

When We Say U.S. TM, We Mean It!

41 Hous. L. Rev. 839 (2004)
Number of pages: 46 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 65 (714,876)

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trademark, trademark law, international law, intellectual property, IP, IP law, virtual cultural property

51.

Digital Signatures Today

Financial Cryptography 287 (Rafael Hirschfeld ed., 1997) (Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 1318)
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 20 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 55 (775,624)

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52.

Semi-Private International Rulemaking: Lessons Learned from the WIPO Domain Name Process

Regulating the Global Information Society 211 (Christopher T. Marsden ed., 2000)
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 20 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 53 (789,114)

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Internet governance, WIPO, DNS, domain name system, Internet law, cyberlaw, domain names

53.

An Introduction to the CDA Decision

Amicus Curiae 27, 1998
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 03 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 49 (817,675)

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CDA, Internet law, cyberlaw, computer law

54.

Forced Sharing of Patient-Controlled Health Records

UM ELSI Group for Project HealthDesign (2007)
Number of pages: 12 Posted: 03 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 49 (817,675)

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health care privacy, patient-controlled health records, privacy law

55.

Of Governments and Governance

14 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 617 (1999)
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 45 (848,568)

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Internet governance, democracy, WIPO, domain name, trademark, cyberlaw, regulation

56.

The Empire Strikes Back

Chicago-Kent Law Review, Vol. 73, p. 1101, 1998
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 16 Jan 2016 Last Revised: 03 Feb 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 43 (864,864)

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Internet law, supra-nationalism, Post-Johnson, Perritt, Burk

57.

Still Naked After All These Words

Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 88, p. 1420, 1994
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 42 (873,298)

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Structural Constitution, vesting clauses, Constitution, constitutional law, executive power, presidency

58.

Commentary: Time to Hug a Bureaucrat

35 Loy. U. Chi. L.J. 139 (2003)
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 40 (890,568)

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Internet governance, information technology, Internet regulation, cyberlaw, ICANN, UDRP, BBBOnline, FCC

59.

Creating a Viral Federal Privacy Standard

48 B.C. L. Rev. 55 (2007)
Number of pages: 32 Posted: 16 Jan 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law
Downloads 40 (890,568)

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privacy, national ID cards, identification cards, Real ID Act of 2005, anonymity

60.

Legal Issues in Anonymity and Pseudonymity

AAAS Symposium Volume, 15 The Information Society 113 , University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 16-12
Posted: 03 Mar 2016
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law

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anonymity, pseudonymity, Internet law, cyberlaw

61.

Article 2b as Legal Software for Electronic Contracting-Operating System or Trojan Horse?

Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1998
Posted: 21 Jan 1999
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law

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62.

Flood Control on the Information Ocean: Living with Anonymity, Digital Cash, and Distributed Databases

15 Journal of Law and Commerce 395 (1996)
Posted: 10 Dec 1996
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law

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63.

The Essential Role of Trusted Third Parties in Electronic Commerce

75 Oregon Law Review 49 (1996)
Posted: 07 Nov 1996
A. Michael Froomkin
University of Miami - School of Law

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