affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of British Columbia (UBC), British Columbia Emergency Health Services, Ohio State University (OSU), University of Manitoba, University of Toronto - Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto - Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University - Clinical Evaluation Research Unit, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, British Columbia Emergency Health Services, Northern Ontario School of Medicine and University of British Columbia (UBC)